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Opinions of the General Office of Hunan Provincial People’s Government on the Implementation of Several Provisions on the Safety Management of Residents’ Self-built Houses in Hunan Province

Xiang Zheng Ban Fa [2023] No.7

The people’s governments of cities, counties and cities, the provincial government departments and commissions, and the directly affiliated institutions:

　　"Several Provisions on the Safety Management of Residents’ Self-built Houses in Hunan Province" (hereinafter referred to as "Several Provisions") was adopted at the 34th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th People’s Congress of Hunan Province on November 23, 2022, and shall come into force on January 1, 2023. In order to do a good job in the implementation of the "Several Provisions", this opinion is formulated with the consent of the provincial people’s government.

　　I. General requirements

　　We will fully implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress and the important instructions of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader on safety in production, especially the safety of residents’ self-built houses, coordinate development and safety, strictly implement the responsibility of territorial management, strengthen the responsibility of departmental guidance and supervision, compact the main responsibility of those responsible for housing use safety, establish and improve the working system of coordinated joint control, full chain control and closed-loop control, promote the normal and long-term safety management of residents’ self-built houses, and effectively protect the safety of people’s lives and property.

　　Second, the main task

　　(A) to strengthen land planning and construction management

　　1. Strict planning and control. Strictly implement the land and space planning, and basically complete the planning of towns and villages before the end of 2023 to achieve full coverage of village planning; Strengthen the preparation and implementation of detailed planning, clarify the controlling indicators such as land use scope, height and number of floors, strictly implement the provisions that "no new residents’ self-built houses shall be built within the current construction land of cities and counties" and "no new residents’ self-built houses shall generally exceed three floors", and strengthen the control over the number of floors and height of residents’ self-built houses. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, people’s governments of cities, counties and cities. The following shall be the responsibility of the people’s governments of cities, counties and cities, and will not be listed)

　　2. Improve site selection and land use approval services. Carry out risk investigation in areas prone to geological disasters, and formulate risk zoning and control measures; Guide the rational delineation of the scope of construction land, and strengthen the approval of land use and planning for new construction, renovation (expansion) construction and reconstruction of residents’ self-built houses; Guide the Township People’s Government to do a good job in issuing the approval letter of rural homestead. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Involving multiple provincial units, each unit is responsible for the division of responsibilities, the same below).

　　3. Standardize construction approval and supervision. City, state, county and city people’s governments, township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall strengthen the capacity building of residents’ self-built housing safety supervision, and clarify the supervision institutions and personnel. For self-built houses built by residents with three floors or above, if the project investment is more than 300,000 yuan or the construction area is more than 300 square meters (referred to as "self-built houses built by residents above the quota"), the new construction, renovation (expansion) construction and reconstruction shall go through the procedures of construction drawing review, quality and safety supervision, construction permit, completion acceptance and filing according to law, and the county-level housing and urban construction departments shall strengthen daily supervision; Other residents’ self-built houses (hereinafter referred to as "self-built houses for residents below the quota") shall be supervised by the county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments to the township people’s governments and sub-district offices for quality and safety, and random checks shall be conducted according to a certain proportion. The provincial housing and urban-rural construction department shall formulate the management measures for the completion and acceptance of residents’ self-built houses below the "quota" before June 30, 2023, and guide the quality and safety acceptance of residents’ self-built houses in the province. Implement the system of permanent signs embedded in residents’ self-built houses, and implement the main responsibilities related to housing quality and safety. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development)

　　4. Do a good job in information sharing of residents’ self-built houses. Township People’s governments and sub-district offices shall timely send a copy of the construction information of each new building, renovation (expansion) building and reconstruction of residents’ self-built houses to the departments of county-level natural resources, urban and rural housing construction, agriculture and rural areas, urban management and comprehensive law enforcement, and form an information sharing and linkage supervision mechanism. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)

　　(two) strict management of self-built houses for residents.

　　5. Strengthen the management and control of the business format and number of self-built houses for operating residents. Standardize the relevant certification materials submitted for the registration of residents’ self-built houses as the main residence (business premises) of the market. At the time of registration, the owner of the self-built house who uses the self-built house as the main residence (business premises) of the market needs to submit a certificate of ownership of the residence (business premises) and a letter of commitment that each self-built house has no more than three business formats, and is responsible for the authenticity and legality of the materials. The registration authority shall conduct a formal review. The provincial market supervision department introduced the supporting system and management measures for residents’ self-built houses to be converted into business purposes. The municipal and state market supervision, education, public security, commerce, culture and tourism, health and health, emergency management, civil affairs and other departments, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the province, differentiated different business formats to formulate control standards for the number of self-built houses for operating residents, and guided and urged all localities to complete the adjustment of residents’ self-built houses that did not meet the requirements of business formats and numbers before June 30, 2025. (Responsible units: Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Education Department, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Commission, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　6. Strengthen the fire safety management of self-built houses for operating residents. Improve the relevant provisions and technical standards for fire safety management of self-built houses for operating residents, guide and strengthen the fire safety management of self-built houses for operating residents and those with changed use purposes, and urge the implementation of provisions such as the use of fire and electricity, the configuration and maintenance of fire-fighting facilities and equipment, safe evacuation and fire separation, and shall not occupy or block evacuation passages and safety exits. According to the law to carry out the fire design review and acceptance of residents’ self-built houses, and do a good job in daily fire inspection and fire rescue. (Responsible units: Provincial Fire Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Public Security Department and Provincial Market Supervision Bureau)

　　7. Carry out insurance services for residents’ self-built houses. We will develop insurance products for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses, and encourage those responsible for the use of self-built houses to purchase housing safety insurance. (Responsible unit: Hunan Banking Insurance Regulatory Bureau)

　　(3) Strengthen the management of safety appraisal of residents’ self-built houses.

　　8. Strictly regulate the situation of house safety appraisal. Establish and improve the safety appraisal system for residents’ self-built houses. If houses with obvious subsidence, cracks, inclination and corrosion are found in the safety investigation and rectification, houses damaged due to natural disasters, fires, explosions and other accidents, and houses with other obvious safety hazards endanger public safety, the Township People’s Government and sub-district offices shall urge those responsible for housing use safety to entrust appraisal institutions to conduct safety appraisal. Engaged in catering, accommodation, entertainment, education and training, pension and other personnel-intensive business activities, the responsible person for the safe use of residents’ self-built houses shall obtain the certificate of housing safety appraisal that conforms to the requirements of the business format or the relevant certification materials for the completion acceptance after the renovation (expansion) and reconstruction according to the requirements of the business format, and the relevant information shall be included in the housing safety clear card and posted in a prominent position; County-level market supervision and management, education, public security, commerce, culture and tourism, health, emergency management, civil affairs and other departments shall conduct supervision and inspection according to laws and regulations. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　9 clear housing safety appraisal institutions. Provincial Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Department shall improve the normative documents of housing safety appraisal management in a timely manner in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the housing and urban-rural construction departments of cities and prefectures shall, before June 30, 2023, combine local conditions, and report the list of institutions with independent legal personality, corresponding professional technicians and professional equipment and facilities engaged in housing safety appraisal to the provincial housing and urban-rural construction department for the record, and make it public for public inquiry. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development)

　　10. Compacting the responsibility of housing safety appraisal institutions. City and county housing and urban-rural construction departments should strengthen supervision and inspection of the authenticity and accuracy of appraisal reports, and city and county market supervision departments should standardize the charging behavior of housing safety appraisal institutions, and severely investigate and deal with acts of issuing false appraisal reports and charging fees in violation of laws and regulations according to law. The appraisal institution shall deliver the appraisal report to the client in time and report to the township people’s government, neighborhood offices and county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments where the house is located; If there is a danger of collapse, the appraisal institution shall immediately inform the client and immediately report to the township people’s government, street offices and county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments where the house is located. Township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall, according to the appraisal report, promptly issue a notice to urge the people to solve the crisis or take emergency measures, and urge those responsible for the safety of housing use to take measures to solve the crisis. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau)

　　(4) Strengthen the investigation and rectification of hidden dangers of residents’ self-built houses.

　　11. Highlight the key points of investigation and rectification. The people’s governments of provinces, cities, counties and cities shall establish and improve the working mechanism for the investigation and rectification of safety risks of residents’ self-built houses. County and urban people’s governments should guide and urge township people’s governments and sub-district offices to conduct a comprehensive investigation on key areas such as urban-rural fringe, villages in cities, resettlement areas, schools and hospitals, industrial parks, tourist attractions, and geological disaster-prone areas, and strengthen daily inspections, highlighting the inspection of key contents such as structural safety, operational safety, fire safety, and legal compliance of construction. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Natural Resources)

　　12. Improve the effect of investigation and rectification. The investigation activities should involve professional organizations and personnel, and the government can purchase services where conditions permit. The municipal housing and urban-rural construction department shall establish an expert database for investigation and rectification, and make selection and dynamic adjustment from professionals such as design, construction and testing of universities and enterprises. County-level housing and urban-rural construction departments shall guide and urge the Township People’s governments and street offices to put forward written opinions to the person responsible for the safety of housing use in a timely manner if there are potential safety hazards in the houses found in the investigation and daily inspections; If it is found that there are obvious security risks that endanger public safety, it shall immediately take emergency measures and establish a ledger for investigation and rectification work until the hidden dangers of housing safety are eliminated. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Finance)

　　13. The safety management responsibility of the person responsible for the use of compacted houses. According to the principle of "who owns the house is responsible, who uses it is responsible", the owner of residents’ self-built houses is the person responsible for the safety of housing use; If the owner of the house is inconsistent with the user of the house, the owner and the user of the house shall bear the responsibility for the safety of the use of the house in accordance with the agreement. If there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the owner of the house shall bear the responsibility for the safety of the use of the house; If the owner of the house is missing or the ownership of the house is unclear, the township people’s government and the street office shall make it clear that the user or manager of the house shall bear the responsibility for the safety of the use of the house. County-level natural resources, housing and urban-rural construction, market supervision, fire rescue, agriculture and rural areas and other departments should guide and urge the township people’s governments and sub-district offices under their jurisdiction to strengthen safety education and training on the site selection, planning, design, construction, use and operation of residents’ self-built houses, and implement the main responsibility of those responsible for housing use safety. Township people’s government, street offices to supervise and guide the use of housing safety responsible person in accordance with the planning purposes, design requirements for rational use, decoration of housing; Do not change the use function of the house, add stories or demolish the main load-bearing structure of the house without authorization; Conduct daily safety inspection, maintenance and repair of houses, and eliminate potential safety hazards in time; Ensure the fire safety of houses; Found that there are serious security risks, should promptly report to the village (neighborhood) committees, and take emergency measures such as suspending use, evacuating people, and setting warning signs; According to the written handling opinions put forward by the notice of danger relief,Take measures such as maintenance and reinforcement, immediate cessation of use, and demolition. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　(five) to strengthen the supervision of law enforcement in the whole process of residents’ self-built houses.

　　14. Strictly implement the department’s law enforcement responsibilities. Self-built houses built by residents who have not obtained the construction project planning permit shall be handled by the urban management and comprehensive law enforcement departments of the people’s governments of cities and counties according to law. Residents who have not built their own houses in accordance with the provisions of the construction project planning permit shall be ordered by the competent department of urban and rural planning of the people’s government of the city or county to stop construction and handed over to the urban management and comprehensive law enforcement departments of the people’s government of the city or county for handling according to law. Residents who have not obtained the rural construction planning permit according to law or have not built their own houses in accordance with the provisions of the rural construction planning permit shall be dealt with by the township people’s government according to law. New construction, renovation (expansion) construction and reconstruction of self-built houses above the "quota" have handled the construction project planning permit or issued the rural construction planning permit, but failed to handle the procedures of construction drawing review, quality and safety supervision, construction permit, completion acceptance and filing according to law, which shall be handled by the county-level housing and urban-rural construction department. In the process of use, if the main load-bearing structure of the house is added or demolished without authorization, the residents’ self-built houses within the scope of the construction project planning permit shall be handled by the urban management and comprehensive law enforcement departments of the people’s governments of cities and counties, and the residents’ self-built houses within the scope of the rural construction planning permit shall be handled by the township people’s governments. Failing to entrust a housing safety appraisal agency to conduct safety appraisal according to law, residents’ self-built houses within the scope of handling construction project planning permits shall be handled by the county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments, and residents’ self-built houses within the scope of issuing rural construction planning permits shall be handled by the Township People’s Government. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development)

　　15 clear administrative licensing and administrative punishment delegated matters. The whole process of administrative law enforcement supervision shall be implemented for newly built, renovated (expanded), rebuilt and converted into self-built houses for business purposes. The Township People’s Government shall implement the relevant administrative penalties for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses in charge of the relevant competent departments of the people’s governments at the county level; According to the entrustment of the relevant competent departments of the people’s government at the county level, the relevant administrative license for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses shall be implemented. The relevant competent departments of the people’s governments at the county level may, according to the actual situation, entrust the street offices with the relevant administrative penalties and administrative licenses for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses. The relevant departments of the people’s government at the county level shall publish the list of matters entrusted by administrative licensing and administrative punishment before June 30, 2023. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　16 highlight the key points of law enforcement of residents’ self-built houses. Strengthen law enforcement, standardize law enforcement procedures, and focus on strengthening law enforcement supervision over the following acts: construction and use without obtaining or in accordance with the approval, planning permission, construction permit and business license of land and homestead; Adding stories or demolishing the main load-bearing structure of the house without authorization during use; Failing to entrust a housing safety appraisal institution to conduct safety appraisal according to law; The safety appraisal institution issues a false appraisal report; Engaged in personnel-intensive business activities without obtaining the certificate of housing safety appraisal that conforms to the requirements of business format or the relevant certification materials for the completion acceptance after the renovation (expansion) and reconstruction according to the requirements of business format; Residents above the "quota" did not adopt fire separation measures according to relevant standards, the number of evacuation passages and safety exits was insufficient, and electric vehicles were not parked and charged according to relevant regulations. Improve the benchmark system of administrative penalty discretion, so as to enforce the law strictly and in a civilized way. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　17. Give play to the role of reporting rewards and punishments and grassroots organizations. The people’s governments at the county level shall establish and improve the complaint, report and reward mechanism for acts endangering the safety of houses and dangerous houses, and publish the complaint and report methods, processing procedures and time limits. The specific reward methods and standards shall be formulated by the people’s governments at the city, state and county levels. Township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall guide and urge the village (neighborhood) committees to actively assist in the safety supervision and management of the construction and use of self-built houses by residents, and assist in the investigation and rectification; Incorporate the relevant provisions on the safe construction and use of residents’ self-built houses into the village regulations and residents’ conventions, promptly discourage illegal construction and other acts that endanger safety, and report to the township people’s government and sub-district offices.

　　(six) to strengthen the information management of residents’ self-built houses.

　　18 to establish a comprehensive management information system for residents’ self-built houses in the province. Adhere to the combination of long and short, prioritize, adopt the way of overall planning and phased construction, deeply integrate the data of investigation, approval and supervision of residents’ self-built houses in the province, establish a full-scale database of residents’ self-built houses in the province, integrate the business processes of relevant functional departments in the whole life cycle supervision of residents’ self-built houses, establish a one-yard house management system, and build a unified comprehensive management platform for residents’ self-built houses in the province to realize intelligent supervision of full-scale houses. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Development and Reform Commission, Provincial Department of Finance, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Government Affairs Bureau, Provincial Education Department, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　19. Promote data collection and sharing exchange. Relying on the comprehensive management platform of residents’ self-built houses, timely collect the basic information of houses, hidden dangers investigation, rectification of sales numbers, construction approval, daily safety supervision, public services and other data, carry out big data analysis and application, and provide data sharing application services to governments at all levels and industry authorities through the government data sharing exchange platform. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Government Affairs Bureau, Provincial Education Department, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department, Provincial Civil Affairs Department, Provincial Government Services and Big Data Center)

　　20. Improve the public service system for residents to build their own houses. Relying on the comprehensive management platform of residents’ self-built houses, government portals and departmental government websites, timely release necessary management information such as residents’ self-built houses construction, safety early warning, renovation of dangerous houses, operation and use, provide service information such as building knowledge, policies and regulations, free atlas, and building craftsmen, and establish channels such as complaints and reports of violations of laws and regulations, self-inspection and reporting of potential safety hazards, information disclosure and information inquiry, so as to realize government leadership, property owners (users) subject, professional and technical support. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Government Affairs Bureau, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　Third, safeguard measures

　　(1) Strengthen organizational leadership. The provincial leading group for the special rectification of the safety of self-built houses is responsible for coordinating the safety management of self-built houses by residents in the province, further refining the tasks according to the needs, implementing the safety management responsibilities, and strengthening the supervision and guidance on the safety investigation and rectification of self-built houses by residents in the province; The office of the leading group (located in the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development) should strengthen the work tracking and scheduling, and cooperate with relevant provincial departments to do a good job in daily work. The people’s governments of cities, counties and urban areas should establish and improve the coordination and linkage mechanism for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses, establish a normal and long-term system for the safety investigation, review and spot check of residents’ self-built houses, clarify the institutions and personnel for the safety management of houses in cities and counties, and ensure the funds for safety management according to regulations; Township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall establish and improve the system of housing safety administrators and grid dynamic management, and carry out regular investigations.

　　(2) Compaction responsibility. All departments at all levels should follow the requirements of "three management and three necessities", implement the territorial responsibility and industry sector supervision responsibility of residents’ self-built housing safety management, and accelerate the formulation and implementation of supporting systems and measures in light of the main tasks specified in the "Several Provisions" and the requirements of this opinion. It is necessary to strengthen communication and coordination, cooperate closely, form a joint force, strengthen information sharing, data interconnection and departmental linkage law enforcement, and ensure that the whole process of safety management of residents’ self-built houses and the supervision of all links are not disjointed and absent.

　　(3) Strengthen supervision and inspection. The people’s governments of cities, prefectures, counties and cities and the relevant departments at the provincial level should list the implementation of the "Several Provisions" as a key task, incorporate the safety management of residents’ self-built houses into the special assessment of safety production of lower-level governments and relevant functional departments, strengthen daily supervision and assessment, and ensure full implementation. The clues about the violation of discipline and law by the relevant responsible personnel shall be transferred to the relevant authorities for handling according to the cadre management authority.

　　General Office of Hunan Provincial People’s Government

　　February 24, 2023

　　(This piece is made public voluntarily)

On June 6th, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and the Ministry of Commerce once again pushed the development of new energy vehicles-"Implementation Plan for Promoting the Updating and Upgrading of Key Consumer Goods and Smooth Resource Recycling (2019-2020)" was released. The importance of this document can basically be understood as the main theme of the post-new energy vehicle era. That night, we took a look at the dynamics in the circle, which is roughly like this:

From a fundamental point of view, this is a promotion document for digesting production capacity nationwide, which is good for all companies in all industries, large and small. On the other hand, the switching of fuel vehicles in China is the icing on the cake. However, this Dragon Boat Festival, the vast majority of car companies and pile companies have spent a uneasy festival. To sum up, people who have no long-term worries will have near worries.

From the point of view of energy supplement, there are several points worthy of attention in this document: how to go in the future in the process of changing tracks from policy-driven to market-driven in China’s new energy automobile industry.

Judging from the logic of the new energy automobile industry in the full text of the policy, it mainly guides the industry from two aspects: encouraging the upstream and downstream of the new energy automobile industry to continue research and development, promoting cost reduction and efficiency improvement, perfecting the energy supplement system and improving the market application of new energy vehicles. The document specifically mentions that it is necessary to learn from the power exchange mode and application experience in the field of public services, and encourage enterprises to develop new energy vehicle products with the combination of charging and power exchange, flexible battery configuration and long driving range. Therefore, we feel it is necessary to show past lives, the power exchange mode, to everyone.

01 Sadness Xia Jiaxi and His Better Place

In 2007, Shay Xia Jiaxi put forward the power exchange technology, and then founded a power exchange company called Better Place in Israel. After the financing of $850 million was changed in 2013, Xia Jiaxi and his dream of Better Place collapsed. Even though the valuation reached an unprecedented $2.25 billion at that time, the hopeless power exchange model was ruthlessly abandoned by capital.

Xia Jiaxi’s Ambition and the Legacy of Better place

In the early days of its establishment, Xia Jiaxi foresaw that the power battery, a key component that directly affects consumers’ desire to buy, would not improve by leaps and bounds in the short term. The most direct way to solve the mileage anxiety is to form the same energy supply efficiency as fuel supply for fuel vehicles. The energy supplement market bred by the emerging industry of electric vehicles will directly subvert the existing energy structure and consumption mode. Under such a market positioning setting, Xia Jiaxi boldly left SAP.

One year after the establishment of Better place, Israel’s first "power exchange station" was established. First, it signed a cooperation agreement with Renault to provide 100,000 Fluence ZE electric vehicles (but the actual order was less than 1%). Better Place started with 750 drivers in Israel, and the charge for electricity exchange service includes battery rent and electricity exchange fee. Although the hardware cost, battery maintenance cost and education cost of consumers and enterprises were incomprehensible at that time, Xia Jiaxi did not hesitate to continue to burn money in Denmark and the United States, but at that time, car companies still had great doubts about the development of new energy vehicles, and the convenience and use cost of customer-side power exchange mode were not particularly different from those of traditional fuel vehicles. Better Place only launched thousands of vehicles around the world until it was closed.

The end of the road for Better Place seems to be ill-timed now. After all, the overall environment of the new energy automobile industry is far from the same. However, Better Place has left a complete chassis power exchange technology for future generations, and the value generated by the experience in the operation process is immeasurable.

Schematic diagram of Better Place power exchange station and power exchange

02 Phased tasks of State Grid

863 Program-the Beginning of Power Exchange Technology

In 2006, the domestic electric vehicle industry was still in its infancy. The State Grid responded to the call of the country to start the electric vehicle project, and Zhejiang Power Grid is the top priority to implement the project. At that time, the first project leader of Zhejiang Power Grid participated in the project was Mr. Nie Liang (the first person in the domestic market application field of power exchange mode). In 2010, his team developed and completed the first licensed pure electric vehicle in China, and completed the reserve of basic power exchange technology. In the same year, Nie Liang was responsible for building the Zhejiang project of intelligent charging and replacing power service network. Different from Better Place, a pioneer in power exchange, State Grid developed a set of standard box power exchange technology after understanding the chassis power exchange technology. In Hangzhou, 500 power exchange taxis were piloted with Langyue and Prima models and high box standard boxes, and the business model of "separation of vehicles and electricity and mileage charging" was put forward and verified for the first time in this project.

Power exchange stations and standard boxes piloted by State Grid in Hangzhou

It can be said that the power exchange technology was basically a system at that time, and the pilot effect was quite satisfactory. Later, the Beijing-Shanghai trip organized by State Grid set a fire for the development of power exchange. What’s more interesting is that. In August 2010, State Grid joined the "China Enterprise Electric Vehicle Industry Alliance" and served as the chairman of the charging and service professional committee. At that time, State Grid determined the basic idea of its own intelligent charging and replacing operation mode, that is, mainly replacing electricity, supplemented by plug-in, centralized charging and unified distribution. In other words, the development direction of state grid is to change power stations, not. In line with the above development ideas, State Grid also reserves advanced technologies such as battery balancing, battery automatic replacement equipment and battery cascade utilization. These forward-looking explorations and pre-research have laid a solid theoretical foundation for the budding electric vehicle industry, pointed out the general direction of technical development, and established the development path and ideological system of the whole industry. Today, these technologies have been widely used, especially the chassis replacement mode and standard battery box technology, which have become the mainstream of domestic electric vehicles. However, during 2013 -2014, State Grid did suspend the project of replacing new energy vehicles with electricity due to the change of the main task direction of enterprises. We inquired about the relevant historical information and found that apart from the change of the main tasks of enterprises, the irreconcilable contradiction with car companies is also one of the development factors that hinder their power exchange mode. After all, no car company is willing to become a subsidiary of State Grid. At that time, a director of the National Development and Reform Commission once said: "State Grid should put its position right and cooperate with car companies to develop electric vehicles with a more open attitude."However, State Grid’s insistence on the power exchange mode is not only not conducive to its stable position in the electric vehicle infrastructure market, but also more likely to restrict the development of electric vehicles. In other words, the failure to get through the industrial chain has become the biggest factor for the grounding of the State Grid’s power exchange model. On the other hand, the national policies at that time, such as subsidies and the environment of new energy vehicles, were still relatively weak. Therefore, although the State Grid ran through the business model of power exchange, it was unable to open up the industrial chain to form a business ecology due to institutional factors, and it was inevitable to suspend the power exchange project.

03-The sharing mode has no future.

After the State Grid froze the power exchange mode, Tesla, an American star company, demonstrated its 90-second quick exchange technology in 2013, once again detonating the problem of changing the phone all over the world, but soon Tesla will develop specifically for supercharger 3. From a technical point of view, Tesla still follows the chassis power exchange idea of Better place, but it is further improved in speed. But when "Iron Man" saw the fatal defect of chassis-type power exchange-abnormal batteries can not be shared across car models, and the compatibility of power exchange stations is low, so low compatibility can not improve operational efficiency. It is even more unrealistic to integrate the resources of car companies and form a common standard. In such a complicated power changing environment, Tesla silently quit to change the power stage.

Schematic diagram of Tesla power exchange technology

The rise of 04 module box-splitting power exchange technology

In 2014, Nie Liang left the State Grid after seeing the possibility of opening up the industrial chain of the power exchange system and constructing the power exchange ecology. In the same year, Hangzhou Botan was established, and based on the power exchange of State Grid, the low-box standard box battery was further developed. Compared with the standard box of State Grid in 2010, the low-box standard box battery can be directly placed in the vehicle chassis (the original high-box standard box battery of State Grid needs to be placed under the back seat of the vehicle or in the trunk of the vehicle), and the stability and safety of the vehicle are greatly improved. On the other hand, at that time, the large-scale travel business began to exert its strength, and the market segment paid unprecedented attention to the operation economy of fuel and new energy vehicles. The split-box power exchange mode combined with the large-scale travel business perfectly solved the problems of operating costs and energy replenishment efficiency, and the module split-box power exchange ushered in its historical opportunity.

Standard charging cabinet and standard box batteries for module box-changing.

So, what is the principle of module splitting? First of all, the main dimensions of the TEU are completely the same, but according to the iteration of power battery technology, the energy density can be continuously improved. At present, the single TEU is mainly 15KWH (see the figure below). According to the requirements of vehicle models, different numbers of TEU power batteries are arranged on the vehicle chassis (2/4 for passenger cars and 6 or even 8 for logistics vehicles). Because the box size is the same at the initial stage of design, the power exchange station can exchange power for all vehicles using TEU, no matter which main engine factory they are made, thus completing the development of three limited power exchange modes: compatibility of power exchange equipment and vehicle models, compatibility of charging equipment with TEU, and recycling of circulating batteries.

05 Inventory of Power Exchange in China at the Present Stage

In 2016, the chassis replacement technology that sank for a period of time reappeared in the field of vision. This time, Cai Dongqing created Shanghai Aodong New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., and made continuous efforts in the power replacement business, and then quickly followed up. Sort out the development path of domestic power exchange technology, which is roughly as follows:

Mainstream power exchange technology: module splitting and chassis power exchange, as shown below:

It is worth noting that at present, the two modes of automatic route for power exchange are slightly different. Six-axis robots are mainly used for power exchange in modules, and RGV is mainly used for chassis change, which is roughly as follows.

Market application: Beiqi Weilai Xinchufeng is used for chassis power exchange, Dongfeng, Zotye, Universiade are used for module power exchange, and the number of vehicles put in and the actual mileage of operation are slightly superior.

How to compare the above two power exchange technologies?

We believe that it is not objective enough to compare the above two power exchange technologies only from the actual promotion layout level (such as infrastructure investment, power exchange capacity, site requirements and construction speed, etc.). The reason for this is the following：

Equipment level: manual, semi-automatic or full-automatic power exchange mode can also be selected for box-by-box power exchange, and the investment intensity can be selected according to the actual situation, while chassis power exchange can only be fully automatic, so it has higher capital requirements and limited investment flexibility in practical promotion. However, according to the fully automatic standard, the cost difference between RGV and six-axis robot equipment is not big.

Site expansion level: the chassis can be quickly laid out in containers for power exchange, and the landing speed is slightly faster, but some cities are not allowed to work in containers (such as Guangzhou). Therefore, in terms of policy compliance, the requirements for the construction of sub-box power exchange and chassis power exchange are basically the same.

On the aspect of power exchange capacity: in the fully automatic state, the average daily power exchange capacity can reach about 250 times with little difference. However, there is a point of concern in this respect. According to the public data, although there are more charging compartments in the power exchange stations with the same power exchange capacity, the number of vehicles that can be exchanged for electricity is only slightly more or equal to that of the chassis (we think that the future evaluation of power exchange capacity can not only rely on the single angle of power exchange speed, because the power exchange capacity depends on the number of charging compartments in the station energy supply, From this point of view, the general modular sub-box power station has 120 cells at the same level, while the chassis power station has 28 cells. However, one car in the modular sub-box power station consumes 4 cells on average, so the power exchange capacity of 120 cells, that is, 30 cars at a time, is not much different from that of the whole pad chassis power station with 28 cells. Therefore, there is little or no difference between the two modes from the above three aspects, so there is no way to compare them only from these three points.

With the issuance of the document "Implementation Plan for Promoting the Updating and Upgrading of Key Consumer Goods and Smooth Resource Recycling (2019-2020)", on the basis of encouraging the development of power exchange mode, requirements are put forward for battery modularization and step utilization of batteries. Therefore, which mode can be compatible with more types of vehicles, better connect the front and rear ends of battery step utilization and better adapt to the future modular development of automobile manufacturing is the more important focus.

From the perspective of vehicle compatibility, the power exchange mode should not be a limited energy supplement scene in the end, but an open source energy supplement mode, because the most basic and basic construction purpose of the power exchange station is to be used as a public infrastructure to facilitate public travel, otherwise why do you enjoy subsidies? At present, Beiqi, Weilai and other car companies are leading the chassis power exchange, because the batteries of their respective car companies are opposite-sex batteries compared with other OEMs, the power exchange sites or batteries cannot be universal. However, Dongfeng, Universiade, Zotye and other enterprises adopt the idea of modular box-splitting power exchange based on standard box batteries, which makes the power exchange station shared among different car models, and the battery can be shared, which greatly improves the utilization ratio of the site and the battery. Therefore, from this perspective, it is obvious that modular box-splitting power exchange is more suitable for the current concept of "sharing economy" and is also an intensive use of social resources.

From the point of view of power battery recycling, the mainstream design ideas in the industry at present are as follows

Direct view of step utilization of power battery

From the point of view of echelon utilization, we must first reduce the transformation cost in the process of each degradation, otherwise it will be difficult to land. From the top-level design point of view, the standard of battery should be unified first, and then the battery with smaller relative weight and volume (because it can’t be directly used in section B and section C if it still stays in the direction of the overall special-shaped battery of most models at this stage). Only under these two preconditions can the whole life cycle development of battery be maximized, and the average use cost of power battery at the user’s end will be lower.

Therefore, from the perspective of battery recycling, it is obvious that the case-by-case power exchange built by the standard box system is more in line with the policy and national conditions. However, from the perspective of automobile enterprises, the whole chassis-type power exchange has less changes to the chassis of the whole vehicle body, and the technical level is relatively easier to realize; However, the modular box-changing technology requires higher requirements for body chassis modification and design cycle. However, it is very interesting that the number of car companies that accept the standard box-splitting power exchange system is far more than that of the chassis-type power exchange model (the total number of cars that are actually put in the box-splitting power exchange system is also more than that of the chassis-type power exchange system). It can be said that many car manufacturers are doing power exchange, and obviously many car companies do not want to play with tickets at this level, but stand higher and look farther.

07 written at the end

On June 5, 2016, China Tower established an energy company with a capital of 5 billion yuan to take the lead in entering the terminal market of power battery ladder utilization, which made it possible for standard box batteries used by modular box-changing electric vehicles and power-changing technology companies to be used in large-scale terminals (compared with special-shaped batteries). The integrity of power battery ladder utilization has been further improved, while the extension of battery ladder utilization industrial chain has further reduced the average use cost of power batteries, which will indirectly reduce the consumption cost of new energy vehicles. From the perspective of industrial chain, does it mean modularity?

We gave time to this problem, but for enterprises that insisted on changing electricity in the early stage, in June 2019, the wind started.

　　In 2023, frequent extreme weather and climate events once again left a deep impression on people. In China, sandstorms in the northwest, droughts in the southwest, extreme rainstorms in North China and typhoons in South China have all brought rare disasters in recent years. On a global scale, forest fires in Canada, alternating droughts and floods in the United States and India, high temperatures in Europe, and heavy casualties caused by hurricanes in the Mediterranean have also caused shocking consequences.

　　Reality warns people that the negative consequences of climate change are increasing with the rising temperature. At the end of November this year, world leaders will gather in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to attend the 28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28). People hope that this meeting will achieve more results and create more favorable conditions for the global response to climate change. We should not only pay attention to the set ultimate goal, but also find feasible paths and effective ways to promote it.

　　On December 12, 2015, in order to cope with the increasingly serious climate change problem, nearly 200 parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change unanimously agreed to adopt TheParis Agreement at the Paris Climate Change Conference to make arrangements for global action to deal with climate change after 2020. At this year’s COP28 conference, all parties will conduct the first global inventory since the Paris Agreement.

　　On September 8th, the report on the inventory results released by the United Nations showed the progress made since the Paris Summit in 2015, and pointed out that compared with the prediction made in 2010 that the global temperature would rise by 3.7-4.8 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, the predicted temperature rise is now 2.4-2.6 degrees Celsius, but it still far exceeds the goal of controlling the temperature at 2 degrees Celsius and trying to control it within 1.5 degrees Celsius.

　　At the same time, the report clearly pointed out that all parties need to respond to climate change in an all-round way with higher ambition and a stronger sense of urgency. At present, global greenhouse gas emissions are still increasing, and to achieve the above goals, global greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced by 43% compared with 2019 levels by 2030 and 60% by 2035.

　　On the occasion of the upcoming global climate conference, The Paper’s Critical Point combed the climate commitment actions of some major countries in the world. In response to climate change, our window of time and opportunity is shrinking rapidly.

　　United States of America

　　It has been six months since the United States resumed its contribution to the United Nations Green Climate Fund (GCF) and allocated a new $1 billion. Rich countries, including the United States, have not yet fulfilled their climate funding commitments, and developing countries are facing the fact that the speed at which funds are put in place is far behind the increasingly severe extreme weather and climate events.

　　According to British media reports, on October 21 this year, the negotiations on implementing the "loss and damage fund" first proposed at last year’s UN Climate Conference to help countries with fragile climate rebuild their homes reached an impasse. The United States and the European Union proposed that the World Bank should host the fund. However, questa, Chairman of the Group of 77, believes that the effectiveness of the World Bank’s decision-making is difficult to cope with the climate crisis. In addition, if the fund must operate within the legal structure of the World Bank, the wider sources of funds may be limited.

　　Not only is the operation of funds stagnant, but the amount of funds raised at present is still insufficient for the reconstruction of countries with fragile climate. According to American media reports on October 6, at the donor conference held in Bonn, Germany, developed countries promised to provide 9.3 billion US dollars to supplement green climate funds. However, NGOs believe that these funds are not enough to help countries with fragile climate to cope with climate change. It is worth noting that the United States is one of the few developed countries that have not provided new funds.

　　Nine years ago, the United States promised to provide $3 billion to the Green Climate Fund, but so far it has only injected $2 billion. Of the $11.4 billion pledged by US President Biden to developing countries, the country’s Congress only approved $1 billion. In fact, as early as the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP15) held in Copenhagen in 2009, the United States and other rich countries promised to raise 100 billion dollars annually for climate action in developing countries by 2020. This goal was reaffirmed at COP21 in Paris and extended to 2025. According to reports, the current funding gap is as high as $17 billion per year.

　　Fossil fuel subsidies are still soaring, despite the delays in climate finance in rich countries. According to the global regulatory organization Energy Policy Tracker, the public funds flowing to fossil fuels in G20 countries will reach a record $1.4 trillion, more than double the amount before the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019.

　　Restricted by domestic social contradictions and inflation, it is difficult to cancel fossil fuel subsidies in the United States. In the United States, the Supreme Court, which has been dominated by the Republican Party for a long time, keeps opening the floodgates of money politics for the wealthy class. The accumulated polarization between the rich and the poor has laid the groundwork for the social phenomenon that high oil prices are often accompanied by a decline in the support rate of presidential polls. On the other hand, unlike other countries, subsidies in the United States are mainly tax relief for fossil fuel companies, that is, by providing credit and expense deduction to energy producers to reduce production costs.

　　Saudi Arabia

　　Under the pressure of decarbonization, Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest crude oil exporter, launched a comprehensive action to deal with climate change and reduce carbon emissions in 2021 to reduce domestic carbon emissions, including achieving "net zero" greenhouse gas emissions by 2060, planting 50 billion trees in the Middle East in the next few decades, and launching a $10.4 billion clean energy project for the region.

　　However, according to the Financial Times reported on July 23rd, several countries, led by Saudi Arabia, tried their best to stop G20′ s call to reduce the use of fossil fuels. At the same time, Reuters reported that Saudi Arabia and other countries opposed G20′ s proposal to triple renewable energy production capacity by 2030. Saudi Aramco announced in 2021 that it plans to increase crude oil production from 12 million barrels per day to 13 million barrels per day by 2027. According to Agence France-Presse, the total profit announced by Saudi Aramco in 2022 reached a record $161.1 billion.

　　Reduce the burning of fossil fuels at home, so that Saudi Arabia can free up more oil to sell abroad. In this regard, Saudi Arabia attempts to explain the rationality of this contradiction by implementing the "circular carbon economy" plan, which envisages continuing to exploit fossil fuels and adopting new technologies to capture, store or sell carbon emissions. At the same time, according to media reports, Saudi Arabia and other traditional fossil energy countries believe that it is unrealistic to tighten the "faucet" of fossil fuels immediately, and hydrocarbons such as oil, natural gas and coal will continue to become an important part of the global energy structure in the next few decades.

　　Saudi Arabia regards tackling climate change as a long challenge, but the International Energy Agency (IEA) released a report in May 2021, saying that if the world wants to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2050, governments and enterprises of all countries must immediately stop investing in new oil and gas projects. The unresolved issue is also the "carbon capture" technology promoted by Saudi Arabia — — The effectiveness of this technology has not been proved, and the cost of applying it to large-scale mining is too high.

　　"It is believed that the economy based on the exploitation and combustion of fossil fuels can be ‘ Loop ’ The idea is absurd, and the only way it works is to rely on technologies that don’t exist yet. " Matthew Archer, a researcher at the Geneva Institute, said in an interview with the media, "These measures … are full of ambitious and ambiguous language, with few specific plans and no accountability mechanism."

　　Japan

　　Coincidentally, Japan’s climate solution is also questioned. According to local media reports, on September 29th, Japan hosted the 3rd International Fuel Ammonia Conference, which focused on the theme of decarbonization of supply chain and shipping industry. This meeting is a sign of Japan’s commitment to a climate solution, but some experts believe that the solution may not meet the world timetable that urgently needs to reduce carbon emissions.

　　Consistent with all countries, Japan urgently needs to decarbonize the energy sector. At present, Japan plans to reduce the energy share of coal to 19% by 2030. At the meeting, the government and major industries described the vision of using ammonia (a gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen) on a large scale in the foreseeable future, that is, reducing carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants by replacing fossil fuels with ammonia. Because ammonia combustion will not emit carbon dioxide, and the co-combustion equipment of existing coal-fired power plants in Japan does not need major transformation.

　　From a technical point of view, it seems feasible to burn ammonia to generate electricity. "Japan Times" reported on October 22nd that JERA, Japan’s largest power company, is testing the 20:80 ammonia-coal co-combustion ratio at Binan Thermal Power Station in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It is reported that JERA’s goal is to gradually increase the proportion of ammonia-coal mixed combustion and realize 100% ammonia combustion by 2050.

　　However, with the government and enterprises eager to establish an ammonia fuel supply chain on a global scale, experts began to question the feasibility of ammonia as a decarbonization solution in Japan. Although ammonia will not emit carbon dioxide when it is fully burned, fossil fuel is an essential raw material for ammonia production.

　　In this regard, many Japanese power companies, including Mitsui & Co., Ltd., are exploring a new mode of ammonia production, that is, using fossil fuels to produce ammonia, and at the same time capturing 80%-90% of carbon emissions through CCS technology. Considering the high price and poor performance of CCS technology at present, some ongoing ammonia synthesis projects focus on developing technologies to produce ammonia through renewable energy. However, Motoichi Kato, deputy secretary-general of Japan Clean Fuel Ammonia Association (CFAA), told the media that all ammonia imported from Japan is still produced by traditional production methods, and the new ammonia production technology has not yet covered the whole world.

　　In addition to concerns about carbon emissions caused by ammonia production procedures, experts also said that producing such a large amount of ammonia may pollute the air and water quality. According to the Japan Times, Japan is expected to need 3 million tons of ammonia by 2030 and 30 million tons by 2050. Climate Integrate, an independent climate policy think tank in Japan, warned that fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere to produce ammonia may further disrupt the balance of the global nitrogen cycle. In addition, the increase of nitrogen will lead to eutrophication of marine ecosystem, as well as air pollution and groundwater pollution.

　　South Korea

　　Compared with the above countries, South Korea has not performed well in dealing with climate change in recent years. According to the report updated by Climate Action Tracker on July 17, 2023, the overall rating of South Korea’s actions to deal with climate change is classified as "seriously inadequate". Furthermore, South Korea’s climate policy and energy sector planning still lack the necessary speed and rigor, and can not embark on the road that conforms to the temperature limit of 1.5°C in the Paris Agreement.

　　After the change of government in South Korea in 2022, the country’s climate policy changed, deviating from the 100% renewable energy target previously set by the government. The new president Yin Xiyue publicly stated that the target was "too expensive". According to media reports, on March 21st this year, South Korea announced that it would lower the greenhouse gas emission target of the industrial sector in 2030. According to the plan, the Korean industrial sector is required to reduce carbon emissions by 11.4% compared with 2018 levels by 2030, while the emission reduction target set by the end of 2021 is 14.5%.

　　According to the plan, the carbon emission gap caused by the adjustment will be made up by increasing emission reduction overseas and replacing traditional energy with more renewable energy. However, given that South Korea has reneged on its climate commitments, the way to make up for the plan is still in doubt. According to the Climate Action Tracking Agency, in April 2021, South Korea announced at the leaders’ climate summit hosted by the United States that it would immediately stop providing financing for overseas coal projects. Just one month later, it announced the exception of renovation and approval of related projects.

　　On the other hand, Yin Xiyue decided to revive the nuclear power plan, overturning the previous president’s reform of phasing out nuclear power. It is reported that the Korean government promulgated the tenth power plan in January 2023, aiming at using nuclear energy to realize national decarbonization. Contrary to the original goal of limiting the proportion of nuclear energy to 30% by 2030, the latest goal is to increase the proportion of nuclear energy use to 34.6%.

　　In January 2012, South Korea promulgated the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS). According to the International Energy Agency, the plan aims to expand the use of renewable energy and make it a promising market competitor. To this end, the 13 largest Korean power companies are required to increase the use of renewable energy to 14.5% and 17% in 2023 and 2024 respectively, and to reach 25% after 2026. However, according to Yonhap News Agency’s report on January 13th, 2023, the South Korean government lowered the RPS target for this year and next to 13% and 13.5% respectively, and the final goal was postponed until after 2030.

　　Canada

　　Countries that have failed to say what they must do in climate action include Canada. According to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), since 1990, the country has formulated nine climate plans, but failed to achieve the goals.

　　Even though Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released a comprehensive emission reduction plan for 2030 on March 29th, 2022, listing a series of actions that the country will take to reduce climate pollution to 40% to 45% lower than the 2005 level by the end of this century, the plan still has many defects.

　　For example, the plan does not provide enough funds to help automobile suppliers increase the sales of electric vehicles according to the government’s goals. Secondly, there are criticisms that the goal is to reduce the climate pollution of the energy industry without limiting production, which will require fossil fuel companies to make great improvements in carbon capture technology.

　　In addition, a report on April 24th said that a recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showed that the Canadian government and enterprises seriously underestimated the current domestic carbon emissions.

　　Britain

　　Backward climate action may also affect the activity of other countries in the field of climate governance. According to media reports on September 20th, British Prime Minister Sunak may dilute Britain’s plan to deal with climate change, including postponing the ban on the sale of new gasoline and diesel vehicles originally scheduled to take effect in 2030, greatly weakening the plan to phase out gas boilers by 2035, and not updating the energy efficiency regulations for housing construction.

　　Sunak said that he is still committed to the legally binding goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2050. At the same time, he also said that Britain can slow down its progress in achieving this goal because Britain is "far ahead of all other countries in the world." However, considering the national election in 2024, Reuters in the United Kingdom believes that Sunak leaked the news of reducing the green policy in order to gain the support of voters who are troubled by high inflation and stagnant economic growth.

　　Britain is the first country to set a legally binding "net zero" goal in 2050. Since 1990, with the closure of coal-fired power plants and the rise of offshore wind power, the country’s carbon emissions have dropped by nearly 50%. However, according to media reports on September 21st, the British government’s independent climate adviser said that Britain still has some shortcomings in achieving its climate goals, and diluting its plan to deal with climate change may further weaken its ability to fulfill its legal commitments.

Order of Beijing Municipal People’s Government

No.307

　　The Measures for the Administration of Earthquake Early Warning in Beijing have been adopted at the 185th executive meeting of the Municipal People’s Government on December 6, 2022, and are hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of March 1, 2023.

Acting Mayor Yin Yong　　　　

December 19, 2022　　

Administrative Measures of Beijing Municipality on Earthquake Early Warning

catalogue

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Chapter II Planning and Construction of Earthquake Early Warning System

　　Chapter III Release of Earthquake Early Warning Information and Emergency Disposal

　　Chapter IV Regional Cooperation

　　Chapter V Legal Liability

　　Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions

　　the first In order to standardize earthquake early warning activities, effectively play the role of earthquake early warning, defend and mitigate earthquake disasters, serve to safeguard the functions of the capital, and protect the safety of people’s lives and property, these measures are formulated in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation Law, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Emergency Response Law, the Regulations on Earthquake Monitoring and Management, and the Provisions on the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation Law in Beijing, combined with the actual situation of this Municipality.

　　the second These Measures shall apply to the planning and construction of earthquake early warning system, the release of earthquake early warning information, emergency response and other activities within the administrative area of this Municipality and their supervision and management.

　　The term "earthquake early warning" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the act of automatically and quickly generating early warning information through the earthquake early warning system after the earthquake, and using the characteristics that the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is greater than that of seismic waves to give an early warning to areas that may be damaged and affected by the earthquake.

　　Article The earthquake early warning work follows the principles of government leading, regional cooperation, departmental linkage and social participation, and implements the working mechanism of unified planning, unified management and unified release under the guidance of the competent department of earthquake work of the people’s government at the next higher level.

　　Article 4 The municipal and district people’s governments strengthen the management and guarantee of earthquake early warning, coordinate and solve major problems of earthquake early warning, and incorporate the funds needed for earthquake early warning into the fiscal budget at the corresponding level.

　　The municipal earthquake department shall co-ordinate the city’s earthquake early warning work, and be responsible for the planning, construction, supervision and management of earthquake early warning system.

　　The competent department of earthquake work in the district is responsible for the supervision and management of earthquake early warning within its administrative area, and assists the municipal earthquake department in promoting the construction of earthquake early warning system.

　　Development and reform, education, science and technology, public security, planning of natural resources, urban and rural housing construction, urban management, transportation, water, culture and tourism, health, emergency management, radio and television, communication management and other relevant departments shall, according to their respective responsibilities, do a good job in earthquake early warning.

　　Article 5 This Municipality encourages and supports social forces to participate in the construction and use of earthquake early warning system according to law, as well as scientific and technological innovation, product development and application of achievements related to earthquake early warning.

Chapter II Planning and Construction of Earthquake Early Warning System

　　Article 6 The municipal earthquake department shall, according to the national earthquake early warning system construction plan, organize the preparation of the city’s earthquake early warning system construction plan, and incorporate it into the city’s earthquake prevention and disaster reduction plan.

　　The planning for the construction of this Municipality’s earthquake early warning system should be combined with the characteristics of this Municipality’s earthquake risk and the demand for earthquake risk prevention, so as to improve the earthquake disaster prevention capability of key earthquake risk areas, important security areas, key protected buildings, earthquake risk-prone places and projects that may cause serious secondary disasters.

　　Article 7 The municipal earthquake department is responsible for organizing the construction of a unified earthquake early warning system in the city according to the plan, including monitoring system, data transmission system, data processing system and information release system. The competent department of seismic work in the district shall assist in relevant work.

　　The design, construction and instrument access of earthquake early warning system shall conform to relevant standards and technical requirements.

　　To build an earthquake early warning system, existing resources should be fully utilized and integrated to avoid repeated construction.

　　Article 8 Major construction projects such as high-speed railways, urban rail transit, electric power control centers, oil and gas pipelines (stations), petrochemicals, communications, coal mines, large reservoirs, and other projects that may cause serious secondary disasters can build special earthquake early warning and monitoring systems according to needs and report them to the municipal earthquake department for the record. Those that meet the relevant technical requirements can be incorporated into the unified earthquake early warning system of the whole city to realize information sharing.

　　Article 9 Schools, hospitals, railway stations, airports, stadiums and other public places, public transport and other crowded places, as well as high-speed railways, urban rail transit, nuclear facilities projects, large reservoirs, large and medium-sized dangerous goods production and storage facilities and other projects that may cause serious secondary disasters, their business units or management units shall install special earthquake early warning information receiving and broadcasting devices, and formulate emergency response plans for earthquake early warning. The municipal earthquake department and the competent department of seismic work in the district shall give guidance, strengthen supervision and inspection, and promptly correct the problems found.

　　Encourage other units and places to install special earthquake warning information receiving and broadcasting devices.

　　Article 10 The operation and maintenance of the earthquake early warning system in this Municipality shall follow the principle of who builds and who is responsible.

　　The municipal earthquake department and the competent department of earthquake work in the district shall strengthen the protection of the facilities of earthquake early warning system and the environment for earthquake observation. If any damage or damage is found, it shall promptly organize the repair.

　　Units that build special earthquake early warning and monitoring systems and install special information receiving and broadcasting devices shall strengthen daily maintenance and management to ensure normal use.

　　No unit or individual may occupy, damage or dismantle or move the facilities of earthquake early warning system without authorization.

Chapter III Release of Earthquake Early Warning Information and Emergency Disposal

　　Article 11 The municipal earthquake department automatically and uniformly issues earthquake early warning information to all kinds of receiving devices in the area where the estimated earthquake intensity reaches the release conditions through the earthquake early warning information release system.

　　Any other unit or individual shall not release earthquake warning information without authorization, and shall not fabricate and disseminate false earthquake warning information.

　　Article 12 Earthquake early warning information should include earthquake occurrence time, earthquake epicenter, magnitude, arrival time of seismic waves, estimated earthquake intensity and so on.

　　Article 13 Radio, television, Internet and other media and communication operators shall establish an automatic broadcasting mechanism to automatically broadcast earthquake warning information to the public free of charge after receiving the warning information. Municipal earthquake and other relevant departments shall guide them to establish and improve the automatic broadcasting mechanism of earthquake early warning information.

　　Article 14 After receiving the earthquake early warning information, the municipal and district people’s governments and their relevant departments shall, in accordance with the earthquake emergency plan, do a good job in earthquake emergency response in time according to law.

　　In crowded places and projects that may cause serious secondary disasters, after receiving the earthquake early warning information, the business unit or management unit shall immediately take corresponding risk-avoidance measures in accordance with the formulated earthquake early warning emergency response plan.

　　Article 15 Organs, organizations, enterprises, institutions and other units should carry out publicity and education on earthquake early warning knowledge and necessary emergency drills in light of their respective realities.

　　Radio, television, newspapers, the Internet and other media should carry out public welfare publicity activities on earthquake early warning knowledge.

　　The municipal earthquake department and the competent department of district earthquake work shall publicize and popularize the knowledge of earthquake early warning to the public, and guide, assist and urge the relevant units to do a good job in the publicity and education of earthquake early warning knowledge and earthquake emergency drills.

Chapter IV Regional Cooperation

　　Article 16 Under the national earthquake early warning mechanism, this Municipality has established a cooperative earthquake early warning mechanism with Tianjin and Hebei Province, and strengthened exchanges and cooperation in earthquake early warning.

　　Article 17 The city and Tianjin, Hebei Province unified earthquake early warning information sources and earthquake early warning information release threshold, release content.

　　Article 18 The municipal seismological department and the competent departments of earthquake work in Tianjin and Hebei jointly promote the construction of a regional earthquake monitoring and early warning platform, establish an earthquake early warning data and information sharing mechanism, realize mutual backup and mutual service of earthquake early warning information, and enhance the regional earthquake early warning capability.

　　Article 19 The municipal seismological department and the competent departments of earthquake work in Tianjin and Hebei jointly promote the popularization and application of new earthquake early warning technologies in the region, and promote the construction of a regional earthquake early warning scientific and technological innovation platform integrating scientific research experiments, achievements transformation, scientific and technological exchanges and integrated demonstrations.

Chapter V Legal Liability

　　Article 20 In violation of the provisions of the fourth paragraph of Article 10 of these measures, units or individuals that occupy, damage or dismantle or move the facilities of earthquake early warning system without authorization shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation.

　　Article 21 In violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of article eleventh of these measures, fabricating and disseminating false earthquake warning information or releasing earthquake warning information to the society without authorization, the municipal earthquake department shall order it to make corrections; If it constitutes a violation of public security administration, it shall be dealt with by the public security organ according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 22 These Measures shall come into force as of March 1, 2023.

　　CCTV News:In 2021, the national health and wellness system will conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, coordinate epidemic prevention and control, health and wellness, and continuously promote the high-quality development of health and wellness. The average life expectancy of residents will increase from 77.93 years in 2020 to 78.2 years in 2021, the maternal mortality rate will drop from 16.9/100,000 to 16.1/100,000, and the infant mortality rate will drop from 5.4‰ Down to 5.0‰ .

　　I. Health resources

　　(1) The total number of medical and health institutions. By the end of 2021, there were 1,030,935 medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 8,013 over the previous year. Among them, there are 36,570 hospitals, 977,790 primary medical and health institutions and 13,276 professional public health institutions. Compared with the previous year, there were 1,176 hospitals and 7,754 primary medical and health institutions. There are 10 categories of national medical centers and national regional medical centers for children in China.

　　Among hospitals, there are 11,804 public hospitals and 24,766 private hospitals. Hospitals are classified into 3,275 tertiary hospitals (including 1,651 tertiary hospitals), 10,848 secondary hospitals, 12,649 primary hospitals and 9,798 unrated hospitals.

　　According to the number of beds, there are 21,909 hospitals with less than 100 beds, 5,412 hospitals with 100-199 beds, 5,017 hospitals with 200-499 beds, 2,068 hospitals with 500-799 beds and 2,164 hospitals with 800 beds or more.

　　Among the primary medical and health institutions, there are 36,160 community health service centers (stations) (including 10,122 community health service centers and 26,038 community health service stations), 34,943 township hospitals, 271,056 clinics and clinics, and 599,292 village clinics.

　　Among professional public health institutions, there are 3,376 centers for disease prevention and control, including 31 at the provincial level, 410 at the prefecture (city) level and 2,755 at the county (district, county-level city) level. There are 3010 health supervision institutions, including 25 at the provincial level, 315 at the prefecture (city) level and 2487 at the county (district, county-level city) level. There are 3032 maternal and child health care institutions, including 26 at the provincial level, 377 at the prefecture (city) level and 2554 at the county (district, county-level city) level.

　　(2) Number of beds. By the end of 2021, there were 9.448 million beds in medical and health institutions nationwide, including 7.413 million beds in hospitals (accounting for 78.5%), 1.712 million beds in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 18.1%) and 302,000 beds in professional public health institutions (accounting for 3.2%). In hospitals, public hospital beds account for 70.2% and private hospital beds account for 29.8%. Compared with the previous year, the number of beds increased by 348,000, including 281,000 in hospitals (116,000 in public hospitals and 166,000 in private hospitals), 63,000 in primary medical and health institutions and 6,000 in professional public health institutions. The number of beds in medical and health institutions per thousand population will increase from 6.46 in 2020 to 6.70 in 2021.

　　(3) Total number of health personnel. By the end of 2021, the total number of health workers in China was 13.983 million, an increase of 508,000 (3.8%) over the previous year.

　　At the end of 2021, among the total number of health workers, there were 11.242 million health technicians. Among the health technicians, there are 4.287 million licensed (assistant) doctors and 5.018 million registered nurses. Compared with the previous year, the number of health technicians increased by 564,000 (up by 5.3%).

　　By the end of 2021, there were 8.478 million people in hospitals (accounting for 60.6%), 4.432 million people in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 31.7%) and 958,000 people in professional public health institutions (accounting for 6.9%).

　　In 2021, there were 3.04 licensed (assistant) doctors and 3.56 registered nurses per thousand population; The number of general practitioners per 10,000 population is 3.08, and the number of professional public health institutions per 10,000 population is 6.79.

　　(4) Total health expenditure. In 2021, the total national health expenditure is estimated to be 7,559.36 billion yuan, of which: government health expenditure is 2,071.85 billion yuan, accounting for 27.4%; Social health expenditure was 3,392.03 billion yuan, accounting for 44.9%; Personal health expenditure was 2,095.48 billion yuan, accounting for 27.7%. The per capita total health expenditure is 5348.1 yuan, and the proportion of total health expenditure to GDP is 6.5%.

　　Second, medical services

　　(1) Outpatient service and hospitalization. In 2021, the total number of medical and health institutions in China was 8.47 billion, an increase of 730 million (9.4%) over the previous year. In 2021, residents visited medical and health institutions for an average of 6.0 times.

　　In 2021, there were 3.88 billion person-times in hospitals (accounting for 45.8%), 4.25 billion person-times in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 50.2%) and 340 million person-times in other medical and health institutions (accounting for 4.0%). Compared with the previous year, the number of hospital visits increased by 560 million, and the number of primary medical and health institutions increased by 130 million.

　　In 2021, there were 3.27 billion medical consultations in public hospitals (accounting for 84.2% of the total medical consultations in hospitals) and 610 million medical consultations in private hospitals (accounting for 15.8% of the total medical consultations in hospitals).

　　In 2021, township hospitals and community health service centers (stations) treated 2 billion people, an increase of 150 million people over the previous year. The number of consultations in township hospitals and community health service centers (stations) accounted for 23.6% of the total number of consultations, and the proportion decreased by 0.3 percentage points over the previous year.

　　In 2021, there were 247.26 million hospitalizations in medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 17.13 million over the previous year (an increase of 7.4%), and the annual hospitalization rate of residents was 17.5%.

　　In 2021, there were 201.49 million person-times in hospitals (accounting for 81.5%), 35.92 million person-times in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 14.5%) and 9.85 million person-times in other institutions (accounting for 4.0%). Compared with the previous year, the number of hospital admissions increased by 17.97 million, the number of primary medical and health institutions decreased by 1.15 million, and the number of other medical institutions increased by 320,000.

　　In 2021, there were 164.04 million hospital admissions in public hospitals (accounting for 81.4% of the total hospital admissions) and 37.45 million hospital admissions in private hospitals (accounting for 18.6% of the total hospital admissions).

　　(2) The workload of hospital doctors. In 2021, hospital doctors were responsible for 6.5 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 2.2 bed days of hospitalization, among which, doctors in public hospitals were responsible for 7.0 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 2.2 bed days of hospitalization.

　　(3) use of hospital beds. In 2021, the utilization rate of hospital beds in China was 74.6%, including 80.3% in public hospitals. Compared with the previous year, the utilization rate of hospital beds increased by 2.3 percentage points (including 2.9 percentage points in public hospitals). In 2021, the average length of stay of discharged patients in hospitals was 9.2 days (including 9.0 days in public hospitals), and compared with the previous year, the average length of stay of discharged patients in hospitals decreased by 0.3 days (including 0.3 days in public hospitals).

　　(4) improving medical services. By the end of 2021, 54.5% of secondary and above public hospitals had carried out appointment diagnosis and treatment, 91.3% had carried out clinical pathway management, 64.6% had carried out telemedicine services, 87.6% had participated in mutual recognition of examination results at the same level, and 92.0% had carried out quality nursing services.

　　(5) blood security. In 2021, the number of unpaid blood donors reached 16.745 million, and the amount of blood collected reached 28.559 million units, up by 7.5% and 8.0% respectively compared with 2020, and the blood donation rate per thousand people was 12.

　　Third, primary health services

　　(1) Rural health. By the end of 2021, there were 17,294 county-level (including county-level cities) hospitals, 1,868 county-level (including county-level cities) maternal and child health care institutions, 1,999 county-level (including county-level cities) centers for disease prevention and control, and 1,761 county-level (including county-level cities) health supervision institutions, with a total of 3.521 million health personnel in four types of county-level (including county-level cities) medical and health institutions.

　　By the end of 2021, there were 35,000 township health centers in 29,600 townships nationwide, with 1.417 million beds and 1.492 million health workers (including 1.285 million health technicians). Compared with the previous year, the number of township hospitals decreased by 819, the number of beds increased by 27,000, and the number of personnel increased by 11,000.

　　By the end of 2021, there were 599,000 village clinics in 490,000 administrative villages nationwide. There are 1.363 million people working in village clinics, including 476,000 licensed (assistant) doctors, 193,000 registered nurses, 691,000 rural doctors and health workers. Compared with the previous year, the number of village clinics decreased by 10,000, and the number of practicing (assistant) doctors increased by 11,000.

　　In 2021, there were 1.31 billion hospital visits at county level (including county-level cities), an increase of 150 million over the previous year; The number of admissions was 83.718 million, an increase of 3.069 million over the previous year; The utilization rate of hospital beds was 72.3%, an increase of 0.7 percentage points over the previous year.

　　In 2021, the number of medical consultations in township hospitals was 1.16 billion, an increase of 60 million over the previous year; The number of hospital admissions was 32.23 million, a decrease of 1.603 million over the previous year. In 2021, doctors were responsible for 8.9 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 1.2 bed days of hospitalization, and the utilization rate of beds was 48.2%, and the average hospitalization days of discharged patients were 6.6 days. Compared with the previous year, the average daily number of doctors in township hospitals increased by 0.4 person-times, the average daily number of hospital beds decreased by 0.1 bed days, the utilization rate of hospital beds decreased by 2.2 percentage points, and the average hospitalization days remained unchanged.

　　In 2021, the number of visits to village clinics was 1.34 billion, a decrease of 90 million compared with the previous year, with an average of 2,239 visits per village clinic.

　　(2) Community health. By the end of 2021, there were 36,160 community health service centers (stations) in China, including 10,122 community health service centers and 26,038 community health service stations. Compared with the previous year, there were 296 community health service centers and 499 community health service stations. There are 555,000 people in community health service centers, with an average of 55 people in each center; There are 128,000 people in community health service stations, with an average of 5 people per station. The number of staff in community health service centers (stations) increased by 35,000 over the previous year, with an increase of 5.4%.

　　In 2021, there were 700 million medical consultations and 3.193 million hospitalizations in the national community health service centers. On average, each center has an annual treatment volume of 69,000 person-times and an annual admission volume of 315 person-times; Doctors are responsible for 14.6 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 0.5 bed days of hospitalization. In 2021, there were 140 million consultations in community health service stations nationwide, with an average of 5,379 consultations per station, and 11.0 consultations per doctor per day.

　　(3) Basic public health services. The per capita financial subsidy standard for basic public health services will be raised from 74 yuan in 2020 to 79 yuan in 2021. In 2021, the number of elderly people aged 65 and above who received health management in primary health care institutions was 119.412 million, the number of hypertensive patients who received health management was 109.384 million, and the number of type 2 diabetes patients who received health management was 35.713 million.

　　Fourth, Chinese medicine services

　　(a) institutions of traditional Chinese medicine, beds and personnel. In 2021, there were 77,336 Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 4,981 over the previous year. Among them, there are 5715 Chinese medicine hospitals, 71583 Chinese medicine outpatient departments and clinics, and 38 Chinese medicine research institutions. Compared with the previous year, there were 233 Chinese medicine hospitals and 4,753 Chinese medicine outpatient departments and clinics.

　　In 2021, there were 1.505 million beds in Chinese medicine medical and health institutions nationwide, including 1.197 million beds in Chinese medicine hospitals (accounting for 79.5%). Compared with the previous year, the number of beds in medical and health institutions of traditional Chinese medicine increased by 72,000, including 49,000 beds in hospitals of traditional Chinese medicine.

　　In 2021, 99.6% of the similar institutions are community health service centers, 93.0% are community health service stations, 99.1% are township hospitals and 79.9% are village clinics.

　　In 2021, the total number of Chinese medicine health personnel in China reached 884,000, an increase of 55,000 (an increase of 6.6%) over the previous year. Among them, there are 732,000 practicing (assistant) doctors in Chinese medicine and 136,000 pharmacists (doctors). The two types of personnel have increased compared with the previous year.

　　(2) Chinese medicine medical services. In 2021, the total number of medical consultations in Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide was 1.2 billion, an increase of 140 million over the previous year (up 13.7%). Among them, there were 690 million person-times in TCM hospitals (accounting for 57.3%), 200 million person-times in TCM outpatient departments and clinics (accounting for 17.0%), and 310 million person-times in TCM clinical departments of non-TCM medical institutions (accounting for 25.7%).

　　In 2021, 38.002 million people were discharged from Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 2.96 million people (8.4%) over the previous year. Among them, there were 31.519 million person-times in hospitals of traditional Chinese medicine (accounting for 82.9%), 0.8 million person-times in outpatient departments of traditional Chinese medicine, and 6.475 million person-times in clinical departments of traditional Chinese medicine in non-traditional Chinese medicine medical and health institutions (accounting for 17.0%).

　　V. Medical expenses of patients

　　(1) Medical expenses of hospital patients. In 2021, the average outpatient cost of the hospital was 329.2 yuan, which was 1.5% higher than that of the previous year and 0.6% higher than the comparable price. The average hospitalization expense was 11,002.9 yuan, which was 3.6% higher than the previous year and 2.7% higher than the comparable price. The average daily hospitalization expense is 1191.7 yuan.

　　In 2021, the average outpatient medical expenses (123.3 yuan) accounted for 37.5% of the average outpatient expenses, down 1.6 percentage points from the previous year (39.1%); The average hospitalization expenses (2759.5 yuan) accounted for 25.1% of the average hospitalization expenses, which was 1.1 percentage points lower than the previous year (26.2%).

　　In 2021, among public hospitals at all levels, the average outpatient expenses of tertiary hospitals decreased by 0.9% (the current price, the same below), and the average hospitalization expenses decreased by 1.1%.

　　(2) Medical expenses of patients in primary medical and health institutions. In 2021, the average outpatient fee of community health service center was 164.3 yuan, which was 1.0% lower than that of the previous year and 1.8% lower than that of the comparable price. The average hospitalization expense was 3,649.9 yuan, which was 2.5% higher than that of the previous year and 1.6% higher than the comparable price.

　　In 2021, the average outpatient drug expenses in community health service centers (118.9 yuan) accounted for 72.4% of the average outpatient expenses, down 2.9 percentage points from the previous year (75.3%); The average hospitalization expenses (1088.8 yuan) accounted for 29.8% of the average hospitalization expenses, which was 1.8 percentage points lower than the previous year (31.6%).

　　In 2021, the average outpatient fee of township hospitals was 87.5 yuan, which was 3.3% higher than that of the previous year and 2.4% higher than the comparable price. The average hospitalization expense was 2166.5 yuan, which was 4.0% higher than that of the previous year and 3.1% higher than the comparable price. The average daily hospitalization expense is 329.3 yuan.

　　In 2021, the average outpatient medical expenses of township hospitals (51.5 yuan) accounted for 58.9% of the average outpatient expenses, down 2.3 percentage points from the previous year (61.2%); The average hospitalization expenses (719.4 yuan) accounted for 33.2% of the average hospitalization expenses, which was 1.9 percentage points lower than the previous year (35.1%).

　　VI. Disease Control and Public Health

　　(1) Prevention and control of epidemic situation in COVID-19. In 2021, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reported 15,243 confirmed cases in COVID-19, including 6,866 imported cases and 8,377 local cases; There were 6265 asymptomatic infected people, including 5047 imported cases and 1218 local cases. In the whole year, 12,725 discharged cases were reported, including 6,331 imported cases and 6,394 local cases. There were 2 deaths.

　　Further improve the epidemic prevention and control policy system, unswervingly adhere to the general strategy of "external defense input, internal defense rebound" and the general policy of "dynamic zero clearing", adhere to the common prevention of people, things and environment, revise and issue 85 kinds of protection guides related to epidemic prevention and control in key places, key units and key populations, and revise the novel coronavirus Prevention and Control Plan (Eighth Edition) and the novel coronavirus Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Eighth Edition? Revised edition) and other programs.

　　As of December 31, 2021, a total of 2,835,332,000 doses of Covid-19 vaccination have been completed, and the number of people who have completed the whole vaccination is 1,210,685,000; A total of 11,937 medical and health institutions in China provide Covid-19 nucleic acid detection services, with a total detection capacity of 41.68 million copies/day, and the nucleic acid detection capacity has been significantly improved; There are more than 800 designated hospitals in COVID-19.

　　(2) reported incidence and death of infectious diseases. In 2021, there were 2.727 million reported cases of Class A and B infectious diseases and 22,000 reported deaths. The top five reported cases are viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea and brucellosis, accounting for 93.3% of the total reported cases of Class A and B infectious diseases. The top five reported deaths are AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, rabies and epidemic hemorrhagic fever, accounting for 99.7% of the total reported deaths of Class A and B infectious diseases.

　　In 2021, the reported incidence rate of Class A and B infectious diseases in China was 1.9346/100,000, and the mortality rate was 1.5733/100,000.

　　In 2021, a total of 3.506 million cases of 11 Class C infectious diseases were reported and 19 people died. The top five reported cases were hand, foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea, influenza, mumps and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, accounting for 99.9% of the total reported cases of Class C infectious diseases. The diseases that reported more deaths were hand, foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea and influenza in turn, accounting for 94.7% of the total reported deaths of Class C infectious diseases.

　　In 2021, the reported incidence rate of Class C infectious diseases in China was 248.71/100,000, and the mortality rate was 0.0013/100,000.

　　(3) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis. By the end of 2021, there were 451 endemic counties (cities, districts) in China; The number of counties (cities, districts) that have achieved elimination, transmission blocking and transmission control is 339, 100 and 12 respectively; In 2021, there were 29,037 patients with advanced schistosomiasis in China, 480 fewer than the previous year.

　　(4) prevention and control of endemic diseases. By the end of 2021, there were 330 counties (cities, districts) with Keshan disease in China, and 330 had been eliminated, with 4000 patients. There are 379 counties (cities, districts) with Kaschin-Beck disease, and 379 have been eliminated, with 172,000 patients. The number of counties (cities, districts) with iodine deficiency disorders was 2,799, and 2,799 were eliminated. There are 1,041 endemic fluorosis (drinking water type) counties (cities, districts), 953 under control, 73,902 endemic villages (neighborhood committees), 298,000 dental fluorosis patients aged 8-12 years and 66,000 skeletal fluorosis patients. There are 171 endemic fluorosis (coal-burning pollution) counties (cities, districts), with 171 under control, including 55,000 patients with dental fluorosis and 154,000 patients with skeletal fluorosis.

　　(5) Comprehensive prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Implement strategies and measures for comprehensive prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, and innovate the mode of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. By the end of 2021, 488 national-level demonstration zones for comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases have been built, and 2,855 counties (cities, districts) across the country have launched a nationwide healthy lifestyle campaign, and 605 death cause monitoring points and 2,085 tumor registration points have been established nationwide. In 2021, in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 3.116 million high-risk groups were given early diagnosis and treatment of key cancers such as esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer, 1.559 million people were screened in the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease screening intervention project, and 4.844 million people were given free oral examinations in the comprehensive intervention project for children’s oral diseases.

　　(6) Management services for severe mental disorders. Health departments at all levels shall, jointly with public security, civil affairs, disabled persons’ federations and other departments, improve the management service network for severe mental disorders. By the end of 2021, a service network for the management and treatment of severe mental disorders had been established in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Under the guidance of mental health professional institutions, grassroots medical staff regularly followed up 6.331 million patients with severe mental disorders and provided rehabilitation guidance.

　　(seven) control of major diseases and health hazards. In 2021, monitoring of urban and rural drinking water quality will be carried out in all counties and districts of the country, with a total of 135,000 monitoring points and 270,000 water samples collected for water quality testing; Set up 167 monitoring points in 87 cities to monitor the impact of air pollution (smog) on people’s health; Monitoring points in public places were set up in 132 cities, and health hazard factors were monitored in 7240 public places.

　　In 2021, 8,710 schools in 1,606 counties (cities, districts) carried out monitoring of common diseases among students, with a total of 2.736 million people monitored; Myopia monitoring of children and adolescents was carried out in 2,307 kindergartens and 6,286 primary and secondary schools in 1,683 counties (cities, districts), with a total of 3.739 million people being monitored.

　　(8) Prevention and control of occupational diseases. By the end of 2021, there were 1022 occupational health technical service institutions, 605 radiological health technical service institutions, 23 chemical toxicity identification centers, 5067 occupational health inspection institutions and 588 occupational disease diagnosis institutions. The central government transferred local funds to build 671 pneumoconiosis rehabilitation stations (points), covering nearly 170,000 pneumoconiosis patients within its jurisdiction, and patients’ satisfaction with rehabilitation services reached 96%. In 2021, a total of 15,407 new cases of various occupational diseases were reported in China, including 11,877 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases (including 11,809 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis), 2,123 cases of occupational otorhinolaryngology and oral diseases, 339 cases of occupational infectious diseases, 567 cases of occupational chemical poisoning, 283 cases of occupational diseases caused by physical factors, 83 cases of occupational skin diseases, 79 cases of occupational tumors and 43 cases of occupational eye diseases (including 5 cases of radiation cataract).

　　Seven, maternal and child health and healthy aging

　　(1) Maternal and child health care. In 2021, the prenatal check-up rate of pregnant women was 97.6%, and the postpartum visit rate was 96.0%. Compared with the previous year, the rate of prenatal examination and postpartum visit have improved. In 2021, the hospital delivery rate was 99.9% (100.0% in the city and 99.9% in the county), and all hospital deliveries were basically realized.

　　In 2021, the systematic management rate of children under 3 years old reached 92.8%, which was basically the same as that of the previous year; The systematic management rate of pregnant and lying-in women reached 92.9%, slightly higher than the previous year.

　　(2) Mortality rate of children under 5 years old. According to the national maternal and child health monitoring, in 2021, the mortality rate of children under 5 years old was 7.1‰ , in which: City 4.1‰ Rural 8.5‰ ; Infant mortality rate is 5.0‰ , in which: City 3.2‰ Rural 5.8‰ . Compared with the previous year, the mortality rate of children under 5 and infant mortality rate in China have decreased to varying degrees.

　　(3) Maternal mortality rate. According to the national maternal and child health monitoring, in 2021, the national maternal mortality rate was 16.1/100,000, including 15.4/100,000 in cities and 16.5/100,000 in rural areas. Compared with the previous year, the national maternal mortality rate has decreased.

　　(4) National free pre-pregnancy eugenics examination program. All counties (cities, districts) in China generally carry out free pre-pregnancy eugenics health check-ups, and provide free pre-pregnancy eugenics services such as health education, health check-ups, risk assessment, consultation and guidance for rural planned pregnant couples. In 2021, a total of 8.23 million planned pregnant couples were provided with free check-ups, and the average coverage rate of the target population reached 93.5%. All the screened risk groups received targeted counseling and treatment referral services, and pre-pregnancy preventive measures were implemented, effectively reducing the risk of birth defects.

　　(5) Promoting the combination of health services and medical care for the elderly. By the end of 2021, there were 6 national clinical medical research centers for geriatric diseases; There are 4,685 secondary and above general hospitals with geriatric departments, 5,290 general hospitals with geriatric friendly medical institutions, 15,431 primary medical and health institutions, and 1,027 medical and health institutions with hospice care (hospice care) departments. There are 78,000 pairs of medical and health institutions and old-age service institutions across the country that have signed cooperative relations; There are 6,492 medical and nursing institutions with complete two certificates (referring to the practice license or filing of medical institutions and filing of old-age care institutions). Jointly with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the pilot demonstration of the application of smart and healthy old-age care in 2021 was carried out, and 35 demonstration enterprises, 2 demonstration parks, 45 demonstration streets (towns) and 17 demonstration bases were identified.

　　Eight, food safety and health supervision

　　(1) Food safety risk monitoring. According to the reports of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, by the end of 2021, there were 2,778 food safety risk monitoring points nationwide, and 113,000 samples in 26 categories were monitored for pollutants and harmful factors; Food-borne diseases were monitored in 70,478 medical and health institutions, and 5,493 outbreaks of food-borne diseases were reported nationwide, with 32,334 cases and 117 deaths.

　　(2) Health supervision in public places. In 2021, there were 1.596 million public health supervision units and 8.061 million employees. 1.842 million times of supervision and inspection were conducted in public places, and 106,000 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(3) Sanitary supervision of drinking water. In 2021, there were 104,000 supervised units for drinking water sanitation (water supply) in China, and 744,000 people were directly engaged in water supply and management. Supervise and inspect the sanitation (water supply) of drinking water for 130,000 times. There are 6,346 supervised units involving drinking water hygiene and safety products nationwide, with 125,000 employees. 7214 households were supervised and inspected for products related to drinking water hygiene and safety. 4,079 cases of drinking water and drinking water safety products were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(four) disinfection products and tableware centralized disinfection hygiene supervision. In 2021, there were 10,817 supervised units in disinfection products, with 212,000 employees. There were 31,000 supervision and inspections in disinfection products, and 12,673 samples were sampled, with a qualified rate of 96.8%. 2,529 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law. In 2021, there were 4,018 centralized disinfection service units for tableware and drinking utensils nationwide, with 44,000 employees. 8,797 households were supervised and inspected, and 1,475 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(5) School health supervision. In 2021, there were 194,000 supervised schools nationwide, with 233,000 times of supervision and inspection and 7,329 cases investigated.

　　(6) Occupational health and radiation health supervision. By the end of 2021, the technical institutions of occupational health examination, occupational disease diagnosis and radiation health had been regularly supervised for 6,725 households, with a supervision coverage rate of 75.2%. 598 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law. There are 77,000 supervised units for radiation diagnosis and treatment, with a supervision coverage rate of 77.6%, and 86,000 times of regular supervision, and 7,705 radiation health cases are investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(seven) health supervision of medical and health care, blood safety and prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In 2021, 42,000 health administrative penalties were imposed on medical institutions or medical personnel according to law. Administrative punishment for practicing medicine without a license is 12,000. 57 administrative penalties were imposed on blood collection and supply institutions according to law. 79,000 cases of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases were investigated and dealt with according to law, including 79,000 cases of health administrative punishment.

　　(eight) maternal and child health supervision. In 2021, there were 20,000 supervised units for maternal and child health throughout the country, and 29,000 supervised and inspected units for maternal and child health, and 816 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(nine) the employer’s occupational health and technical service institutions supervise law enforcement. In 2021, 200,000 employers were supervised and inspected nationwide, and 17,308 cases were investigated. In 2021, 1,042 occupational health technical service institutions were supervised and inspected nationwide, and 59 cases were investigated.

　　IX. Population and family development

　　The population born in 2021 was 10.62 million. The proportion of two children is 41.4%, the proportion of three children and above is 14.5%, and the sex ratio of the birth population is 110.9. In 2021, the reward and assistance system for some family planning families in rural areas benefited 16.314 million people; The special assistance system for family planning benefited 1.713 million people. A total of 24.08 billion yuan was invested in the "three systems" of family planning incentives and assistance, an increase of 1.68 billion yuan over the previous year; The central government invested 13.24 billion yuan, 750 million yuan more than the previous year.

　　Ma Jia is a teacher majoring in mathematics in a university in Beijing. This summer, he enrolled his daughter Ma Lu in a 12-day math extracurricular class. "In her daughter’s words, the most difficult questions in the extracurricular class are also simpler than the simplest ones she usually does at school." However, Ma Jia still insisted on letting her daughter go to this extracurricular class. "The mathematics learned at school is too difficult, so let the children find the confidence to do the problem here."

　　Ma Lu is studying in a good middle school, and the second day of junior high school is about to begin. This school is yearning for many parents because of its "difficult study" and "good grades in the senior high school entrance examination".

　　While attending classes in Ma Lu, in the adjacent classroom, Tao Qian, who just finished "Xiaoshengchu", was also attending math classes. "Many parents told me that math in primary schools is too simple. If I don’t study in the summer vacation, I can’t keep up with school." Tao Qian’s mother told the reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network.

　　Same math, different troubles.

　　In fact, the troubles brought by mathematics to Chinese people in these years are by no means just these.

　　A few years ago, at the craziest time of choosing a school in junior high school, Olympiad was the most powerful "weapon" in choosing a school, so that many children were miserable when they learned it.

　　Later, the Olympiad became a "monster" and was banned again and again. Mathematics was also in the voice of reducing the burden and has been reducing the difficulty.

　　What followed was that China students’ scenery in the International Mathematical Olympiad was no longer there, and the champion who had won for many years was lost for four years.

　　Just as people questioned whether the difficulty of mathematics had dropped too much, just after the college entrance examination and senior high school entrance examination this year, there were media reports that the candidates were crying outside the examination room because the questions were too difficult.

　　Is mathematics difficult or easy? Should mathematics be more difficult or easier?

　　Some people say that China’s mathematics education has been swinging in recent years, and this swing seems to be unique to China: when a group of people shout "too easy", we seem to think that mathematics is easy and should be more difficult; When another group of people shouted "It’s too difficult", we seemed to think that mathematics was difficult and were busy reducing the difficulty.

　　On July 12th this year, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Natural Science Foundation of China jointly issued the "Work Plan on Strengthening Mathematical Science Research" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), calling for strengthening mathematical science research and continuously and stably supporting basic mathematical science.

　　It is mentioned in the Plan that the strength of mathematics often affects the strength of a country, and almost all major discoveries are related to the development and progress of mathematics, which has become an indispensable and important support in the fields of aerospace, national defense security, biomedicine, information, energy, ocean, artificial intelligence, advanced manufacturing and so on.

　　The release of the document has played a decisive role in mathematics teaching, and some essential problems should be discussed more fully: how should mathematics education in primary and secondary schools develop? Can the swing from easy to difficult stop? The reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network recently interviewed many experts in the industry, trying to make a more rational analysis of the current mathematics education in primary and secondary schools.

　　"shallow enough to make people want to cry"

　　Primary school mathematics is caught in the form of operation and visualization.

　　"I always emphasize that primary school mathematics must not be too operational and intuitive, and students should learn to think and recall problems." Liu Jiaxia, dean of the School of Primary Education of Beijing Institute of Education, said.

　　At one time, mathematics education in primary and secondary schools in China was famous for its difficulty. Many people may still remember the classic example: when an American adult is asked what 7×8 is, they will be very embarrassed to answer, "I’ll look for a calculator." And the same question, China grade two or three primary school students will basically blurt out.

　　While people are proud of China’s children’s solid mathematical foundation, they are also thinking about how memorizing the multiplication table of 1999 can really help a child’s mathematical study.

　　Some experts pointed out that mathematics learning should go through romantic period, accurate period and comprehensive period, while primary school learning is in romantic period, so that children can play and go to school.

　　As a result, in many places, primary school mathematics has not only increased the content of practical operation, but also the exams in the lower grades of primary schools have become a "music test". Many years ago, the exercises such as oral arithmetic competition and calculating the standard for 100 days have become rare.

　　"But in fact, this ‘ Play and learn ’ It is a higher realm, and the requirements for teachers are higher. " Liu Jiaxia said that not all grades of study must be ‘ Play and learn ’ , and not all knowledge is suitable for ‘ Play and learn ’ . Especially in the middle and senior grades of primary schools, we should not only operate and be intuitive, but also have reasoning, and some rational methods and training should keep up. "Although it is necessary for middle schools to reflect on refining the law after doing the questions, there will be difficulties in the connection of middle schools if there is no relevant training at all in the primary school stage."

　　Not long ago, there was a post on the Internet that caused a heated discussion. A teacher left homework in the parents’ WeChat group, saying: One of the math homework in the evening is hundreds of millions of grains of rice, so parents can urge their students to finish it and take it to school in food bags the next day. The group of parents immediately exploded. Some said, "If one grain counts, it will take a year." Some said, "Is this a brain teaser?" Others asked, "How can I get to school tomorrow?".

　　Although the case of hundreds of millions of grains of rice is too wonderful, the situation of being too formal and operating for the sake of operation can be seen everywhere in today’s primary school mathematics classroom.

　　Teacher Liu Jiaxia introduced that once she went to a division class in primary school. The example given by the teacher in class is 24÷2, which means that 24 is divided into two parts on average. How to divide it? The teacher led the students to divide the sticks, first one by one, then two by two, and then continue to divide them. "If you are a sophomore, this division is still meaningful, but the real difficulty in this class is the vertical division. This division is completely for the sake of division and operation." Liu Jiaxia said that the teacher should directly present: "two bundles of four", two bundles are two tens, and there are four left, and divide the "two bundles of four" equally. At this time, the children should be led to discuss why they should be divided into high positions first (that is, "bundles"), and then the high positions will be divided into low positions.

　　"Elementary school mathematics is so shallow that people want to cry." A primary school math teacher said that sometimes it is even required to teach students no more than two steps to solve problems.

　　Teacher Liu Jiaxia introduced that primary school students often use the "staring method" to solve problems: there is no need to draw pictures, discuss or question, and the answer is unique. There are only two steps at most, and you can know the answer by staring. "In fact, primary school mathematics should be easier to test, but it is slightly more difficult to learn. The difficulty is not to increase the difficulty of knowledge, but to expand students’ knowledge, to be more reasonable, and to tell the stories behind mathematics knowledge." Liu Jiaxia said, but now there is too much emphasis on operation and intuition, which makes many primary school math classes like teachers coaxing children to play.

　　不过有时候也不仅是老师哄着学生玩，学生也哄着老师玩。

　　“我们在实际教学中还有一个矛盾。”北京某小学的数学牛老师说，学习内容虽然简单，但是对老师的课堂教学过程还要求多样化。“我们经常在课堂上问：孩子们谁还有别的方法？谁还有问题？但这其实低估了孩子的智商，学习内容这么简单还能有多少方法？还能提出多少问题？”牛老师说，久而久之，学生们便配合着老师一起演。

　　老师哄着学生、学生哄着老师，学校里的学习氛围变得轻松了，这种轻松既无法满足聪明孩子的求知欲，同时也无法满足中国家长“不输在起跑线上”的期望，于是“不满足”的家长带着“吃不饱”的孩子进了课外班。

　　初一学初二的课程

　　超前学让中学数学陷入刷题的汪洋大海

　　小学阶段的数学太容易了，浪费了学生的智力。那么，中学呢？

　　有人说在中国最苦的学生就是中学生，因此最应该给中学生减负。

　　Many people feel that it is difficult to learn, so the burden is heavy, so to reduce the burden, we should reduce the difficulty. "There is actually no relationship between burden reduction and difficulty." Professor Zhao Xuezhi from the School of Mathematical Sciences of Capital Normal University said.

　　Today, great changes have taken place in the content of mathematics learning, and at the same time, the methods of mathematics have also changed. This change itself may bring a burden to students. "For example, we used to use derivation to do geometry problems, but now we will use vectors." Zhao Xuezhi said that vector has been debated by math teachers since the day it was introduced. Many people think that the introduction of vector destroys the joy that geometry brings to students when they finally draw a wonderful auxiliary line after trying to break their heads. Others regard the introduction of vectors as evidence that mathematics has reduced the difficulty.

　　"In fact, it is difficult to make a simple summary with difficulty." Zhao Xuezhi said that just like walking the same road, people used to walk, but later they changed to take a bus. Originally, walking and taking a bus would not add extra burden to people. But if you go out for a while and then drive back, then go and drive again, the burden will be heavy.

　　Experts pointed out that these problems encountered in the development of mathematics will disappear with the skilled use of tools and methods. In middle school, what really causes students’ heavy burden of mathematics learning is not the difficulty, but the advance — — That is to say, when teachers and students are not ready, they are in a hurry to catch up with the progress, which often causes teachers not to pay attention to the teaching process, while students are eating raw rice.

　　Ma Lu, who started school in Grade Two, began to learn the content of Grade Two in the next semester of Grade One. Ma Lu said that just because what she learned in school was fast and difficult, she had to "return to the furnace" in the extracurricular class during the summer vacation.

　　Learning ahead of time has become a very common phenomenon in middle school mathematics learning.

　　What knowledge is learned at what age is suitable for students’ cognitive characteristics at this stage. Learning ahead means that what they have learned is beyond students’ cognitive ability. In order to let students master knowledge, teachers usually practice a lot.

　　"Let’s take a simple example to see the relationship between learning ahead and the burden." Professor Zhao Xuezhi said that if we teach at an age consistent with students’ cognitive level, we only need to make it clear that 2 is bigger than 1, and then students can draw countless groups of comparisons by analogy. However, if students learn ahead of time, they can’t understand the relationship between comparisons. In order to let students master this knowledge, teachers will let students remember that 2 is bigger than 1, 3 is bigger than 2, and 4 is bigger than 3 … … "Exhausted and remember, this process is a process of massive practice. Can the burden on students be small?"

　　在这个过程中，数学教学培养的是学生的记忆力，而不是推断力。“数学的学习关键是掌握了原理，然后举一反三，而不在于你记住了哪些具体的知识。”赵学志说。

　　但是，在当前的很多中学，中考和高考分数仍然是教学的主要奋斗目标，在这种前提下老师们不是以更多的精力引导学生进行更多的思考，而是总结题型，追求题型的全覆盖，进而把学生扔进刷题的汪洋大海。学生的思辨能力、推理能力自然无法得到很好的训练。

　　今年高考之后，考生们被“难哭了一片”，很多人不禁怀疑：难道数学的难度又要提高了吗？其实，高考数学科目刚刚结束，教育部考试中心的命题专家就指出，2019年的数学试卷，在难度、区分度上都与前两年相当，只是更加强调考查学生的理性思维能力，综合运用数学思维方法分析问题、解决问题的能力。

　　The proposition expert specifically mentioned the Venus that made the candidates "frightened" and pointed out that this question is not to be difficult for students, but to "explore the beauty of the golden section of the human body and integrate aesthetic education into mathematics education." When the candidates calmed down and looked at this "Venus" again, they finally understood that "Venus" was only a narrative way of the topic, and the real mathematical knowledge had probably been learned in the sixth grade of primary school.

　　The difficulty of the college entrance examination has not increased, but the flexibility has increased, and the students who are tired of brushing the questions are at a loss.

　　Many experts pointed out that there is nothing wrong with the reform direction of mathematics education, and there is nothing wrong with reducing students’ burden. The crux of the problem is that professional things have not been entrusted to professional people.

　　An expert said that people will always mention the difficulty coefficient now, but in fact, the difficulty coefficient is an indicator of post-verification, and it is a monitoring indicator for the education management department to maintain the stability of the exam for a long time. "We don’t need to monitor the difficulty coefficient like monitoring blood sugar at all." Zhao Xuezhi said that the whole society and even ordinary people are concerned about talking about this coefficient, which can only increase anxiety, and it is easy to misread the changes of numbers, which in turn leads to unnecessary misunderstanding of mathematics education.

　　An expert suggested that the reform should be handed over to the education management department and teachers should be liberated from daily affairs, so that the mathematics classroom can return to rationality and mathematics can return to its original appearance. (Reporter Fan Weichen)

　　(At the request of the interviewee, Ma Jia, Ma Lu and Tao Qian are all pseudonyms.)

　　　 Bubble net Audio Channel on June 6th. From the birth of the first innovative 2.1 speaker PCWorks 2.1 to now, the multimedia speaker industry in China has developed for more than ten years. It can be said that while people are demanding more and more sound, they are also very picky about the appearance of products. Wood veneer, piano paint, wire drawing and other technologies are integrated into the products, resulting in a variety of design styles.

　　　 Note: The "domestic" mentioned by the author in the title refers to the domestic multimedia speaker market, not domestic brands, and does not include high-end audio.

Innovating the first 2.1 speaker PCWorks 2.1

◎ Tips

　　　 PCWorks was originally a subsidiary of Creative in the United States, a sub-brand of multimedia speakers of CambrIDE SoundWorks, a famous Hi-Fi factory. PCWorks speakers were designed by the Emmy Award winner, a world audio authority, and entered the China market in 1997. At that time, PCWorks 2.1 was the first to introduce the concept of X.1 speakers, and the application of independent subwoofers greatly improved the sound quality of speakers.

　　　 In these years, how many products have left a deep impression on us with novel designs? If you want to know the answer, let’s take a look at the most beautiful speakers selected by the author in the domestic multimedia speaker market.

● Generation V6cs

　　　 Appearance innovation: ★★★★
　　　 Word of mouth evaluation: ★★★★★
　　　 Comprehensive evaluation: ★★★★☆.

　　　 Generation V6cs, this speaker impacted the domestic multimedia speaker market at the price of around 500 yuan in 2005, which brought unprecedented pressure to 2.1 speakers. Its unique styling design and excellent sound quality performance have so far made many users forget it.

Generation V6cs

Generation V6cs

　　　 The subwoofer of this era V6cs speaker is the highlight of this speaker. The front panel of the subwoofer is designed with a butterfly-shaped metal baffle and is convex. Inside the subwoofer is a 6-inch long-stroke bass unit, and there is an orange power lamp below, which can emit faint light through the front baffle to make the finishing touch.

　　　 In terms of satellite box, this speaker uses a 3-inch full-frequency antimagnetic unit, which was a model that was used more in the generation of speakers at that time. There is also a passive unit behind the satellite box, which lays the foundation for improving the overall sound quality.

● Grand Pole A6

　　　 Appearance innovation: ★★★★★
　　　 Word of mouth evaluation: ★★★★★
　　　 Comprehensive evaluation: ★★★★★

　　　 In the early years, Taiji Dian was also a leader in the multimedia speaker market in China. Later, with the development, they gradually moved closer to the professional field and separated from the ordinary consumer groups. However, we have to admit the success of the A6 2.1 multimedia speaker of Dajidian.

Dajidian A6

　　　 The A6 speaker of this grand classic adopts the design of vacuum tube preamplifier, which satisfies the users who have high requirements on dynamics and sound quality. From the modeling point of view, it is even better than the previous generation V6cs, with a unique metal panel and a black piano paint box on both sides, all of which make the Grand Pole A6 not lose to any 2.1 multimedia speaker sold at that time.

　　　 In addition to the characteristics of half the multimedia speakers, we can see a unique feature in this grand classic A6, that is, there is a control called "phase switch" on the back of the speaker, which can only be seen on high-end audio. However, for the first time, Taiji Dian introduced this concept into multimedia speakers, which inadvertently became the focus at that time.

● hivi T120

　　　 Appearance innovation: ★★★★★
　　　 Word of mouth evaluation: ★★★★★☆.
　　　 Comprehensive evaluation: ★★★★★☆.

　　　 Hivi can be said to enjoy a high evaluation in the domestic multimedia speaker industry, and is also sought after by HiFi people. In hivi 2.1 speaker products, it must be T120 to talk about "looks". At that time, it seemed that the triangular section panel design was the focus of attention unconsciously.

Hivi T120

　　　 Hivi T120 speaker was priced at more than 900 yuan when it was listed at that time, and the overall workmanship and sound quality of the speaker were unquestionable, which was well received by consumers. The innovative triangular panel design with a piano paint box makes people have to admire hivi’s strength in speaker design and production. In the follow-up products, we can still see similar designs, such as hivi’s T200 series.

　　　 It is understood that the total output power of hivi T120 speakers can reach 120W, which is very rare in the current 2.1 speakers. Its materials are unambiguous, and four LM 1875 integrated power amplifiers guarantee its excellent sound quality. In terms of units, hivi T120 adopts F6BN bass unit and M3N full-frequency unit, and the overall performance is absolutely shocking. It can be said that the launch of this T120 speaker occupied an absolute dominant position at that time, and many people are still using it.

● hivi M20W

　　　 Appearance innovation: ★★★★☆.
　　　 Word of mouth evaluation: ★★★★★
　　　 Comprehensive evaluation: ★★★★★

　　　 We have to admire hivi’s strength in product design. At that time, this M20W conquered many users with the shape of "small waist drum". Its successor, M20W(08) version, was modified in the line control and bass unit, and was immediately welcomed by many users after its launch, becoming one of the best-selling 2.1 multimedia speakers at that time.

Hivi M20W

Hivi M20W(08)

　　　 The appearance of the M-20W is still the classical and luxurious style that hivi insists on. It is made of bordeaux logs with elegant black piano paint on the top and a black front panel with hivi LOGO. The unique shape of the box makes it look like three semicircular chocolate cakes, which is very attractive. M-20W’s two satellite speakers use hivi’s 3-inch full-band antimagnetic speaker unit, which has quite good sound effect, clean and clear high frequency, and soft voice without losing density. The subwoofer is a professional 6-inch long-stroke high-power speaker unit in hivi, and its low-frequency performance is strong and thick.

● Rambler M3

　　　 Appearance innovation: ★★★★★☆.
　　　 Word of mouth evaluation: ★★★ ☆.
　　　 Comprehensive evaluation: ★★★★★

　　　 Just finished the "small waist drum" in front of hivi, let’s take a look at the M3 of Rambler. It can be said that it is a breakthrough and innovative design with the "barrel" type, and it is known as the "small steel gun". It quickly became popular with its novel and unique reality, but the most controversial thing at that time was its sound quality performance.

Rambler M3

Rambler M3 Plus

　　　 Rambler M3 adopts aluminum metal tube subwoofer and is equipped with high-power aluminum voice coil, which can effectively prevent resonance. It has built-in OLC power amplifier, which can produce strong bass effect. The high-pitched unit of the satellite box adopts a special aluminum diaphragm and a 1.5-inch paper basin, and all units are made of high-performance NdFeB magnetic steel, which can effectively reduce distortion. This rambler M3 is still selling well, and its follow-up product M3 Plus also landed in Zhongguancun not long ago, and the recruits and veterans fought together on the battlefield.

● Mai Bo A-6351

　　　 Appearance innovation: ★★★★★☆.
　　　 Word of mouth evaluation: ★★★ ☆.
　　　 Comprehensive evaluation: ★★★★★

　　　 Mai Bo’s A-6351 speaker can be said to have stood the test since it went on the market. It has persisted under the pressure of people’s evaluation such as "imitation" and "cloning", which proves its success. At present, we can still buy this speaker at a price less than that of 500 yuan, which can really be called "being old and strong".

Mai Bo A-6351

　　　 This speaker adopts 2.1+1 structure, all of which are transparent except the independent power amplifier, and the viewing degree is extremely high. The subwoofer uses a 5.25-inch subwoofer. The transparent shell is like a cover, with an upward inverter tube in the middle and four transparent legs at the bottom. The bass unit is designed to boost the ground, and the saturation and intensity of low frequency are not bad, and the performance is vigorous and strong. The satellite box uses a 2.5-inch medium-high frequency speaker unit, and the overall output power of the speaker is 44W.

● Innovative I-Trigger-3600

　　　 Appearance innovation: ★★★★★☆.
　　　 Word of mouth evaluation: ★★★ ☆.
　　　 Comprehensive evaluation: ★★★★★

　　　 Speaking of the innovative I-Trigger-3600 speaker, we have to mention its satellite box design. Although the three units of the satellite box are not so novel today, it really left a deep impression on consumers at that time.

Innovation I-trigger-3600

Innovation I-trigger-5600

　　　　Then innovation seized this selling point and launched a 5.1-channel speaker with 16 units-I-Trigger-5600. The innovative I-Trigue series speakers use titanium alloy units different from traditional speakers. This unit is small in size, and the sound quality is unambiguous. In addition, the unique design of its box structure makes the small speakers also emit quite a sense of bass.

　　　 Good sound quality and outstanding modeling at that time laid the foundation for the innovation of I-Trigger-3600. Even now, it can still compete with the 2.1 multimedia speakers on the market.

Write at the end.

　　　 Well, the above are the seven 2.1 speakers with the most beautiful designs selected by the author in the domestic multimedia speaker market. Here, we can find that most speaker manufacturers have launched follow-up products due to the success of their products. Although some have withdrawn from the historical stage, some can still be seen in the market today. Anyway, their glory is worth remembering forever. <

The long-delayed COVID-19 epidemic has once again highlighted the indispensable and extensive influence of digital technology on a global scale. The rise of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, 3D printing, augmented reality and virtual reality, and quantum computing is subverting the traditional economic and social operation mode and shaping new development opportunities. How a country responds to the various changes brought about by the technological revolution and establishes corresponding competitiveness around digital technology will not only determine its future economic growth, but also affect its geopolitical status. In this context, countries all over the world have put the digital transformation in the fields of economy, governance and life into the important agenda of the government, and increased resource input and policy support to improve their digital competitiveness.

Not long ago, the European Center for Digital Competitiveness of the European Advanced Business School (ESCP) released the Report on the Promotion of Global Digital Competitiveness in 2021 (Digital Riser Report 2021）。 The research report comprehensively uses the relevant data from the World Economic Forum, the World Bank and the International Telecommunication Union to evaluate and rank the current digital competitiveness of 137 countries around the world, and extracts the best practices of countries with rapidly rising digital competitiveness, so as to provide decision-making and action guidance for other countries. The relevant research conclusions have certain reference significance for countries around the world to understand the advantages and disadvantages of their digital transformation from a macro perspective and to calibrate the strategic direction of enhancing digital competitiveness.

The research report simplifies the definition of a country’s "digital competitiveness" as 10 equal weight factors in two categories: "digital ecosystem" and "digital thinking mode", and divides all countries into nine groups, namely, G7, G20 and Asia-Pacific, Eurasia, Europe and North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa defined by the World Economic Forum. On this basis, combined with the data of the three years from 2019 to 2021, it is scored and ranked. Among them, the elements belonging to the "digital ecosystem" include the difficulty of obtaining venture capital, the cost of starting a business, the time required for starting a business, the convenience of hiring international talents, and the digital skills of university graduates; The "digital thinking mode" includes the digital skills of the working population, the attitude towards entrepreneurial risks, the diversity of labor force, the scale of mobile broadband users, and the acceptance of subversive business development ideas by enterprises. The scoring results intuitively reflect the changes of digital competitiveness of countries in terms of sub-items and overall, while limiting the ranking to nine groups is to ensure that the comparison baseline is relatively fair and the results are comparable. By combing the relevant evaluation results, the report puts forward three main findings:

Nowadays, the global digital competitiveness is changing.

The research report shows that while the digital competitiveness of some countries and regions is rapidly improving, some leading digital countries in public perception are gradually losing their advantages. Taking China and the United States as two digital superpowers, for example, during 2019-2021, China’s digital competitiveness improved obviously (+211), while the United States showed a decline (-72). Moreover, whether in the G7 or G20 group, the ranking of the increase in digital competitiveness of the United States is in a relatively backward position. The analysis believes that the decline of digital competitiveness in the United States is mainly driven by the dimension of digital ecosystem, including a series of adverse effects such as increasing immigration and visa barriers, which makes it more difficult to attract international digital and information professionals. The promotion of China’s competitiveness is mainly reflected in its strong advantages in the dimension of digital thinking mode, including the proposal and deployment of a series of national overall strategic plans, and taking scientific and technological innovation and entrepreneurship as important measures to achieve high-quality development.

In addition to the United States, Britain (-85), Sweden (-92) and other developed countries in digital technology also failed to show a significant increase in digital competitiveness. India (-396), Germany (-176) and other big countries even experienced a sharp decline in competitiveness in both digital ecosystems and digital thinking modes. However, some countries, such as Georgia (+153), Egypt (+258), Canada (+47) and Vietnam (+339), which do not have a high digital starting point, have become the leaders in this field because they have implemented a series of fruitful digital transformation measures. To some extent, this shows that the global digital competitiveness pattern is in the process of dynamic reorganization, and new global digital technology leaders will appear in the future.

Digital competitiveness is closely related to digital transformation measures.

The research report collects the "Best Practice" of digital transformation in G7, G20 and seven regional economic groups whose digital competitiveness has increased significantly in the past three years, covering the actual progress in the fields of strategic planning, policy assistance, investment support and perfect supervision. For example, through the implementation of the "National Innovation and Skills Plan", Canada set up a strategic innovation fund for digital transformation, adding more than 70,000 jobs, driving more than 45 billion US dollars of investment, and injecting new vitality into the national economy; Vietnam pushes the "National Digital Transformation Plan in 2025", vigorously advocates the adoption of emerging digital technologies, builds a digital government, and sets a long-term goal that the digital economy will account for 30% of the national GDP by 2030; Egypt has vigorously promoted the "ICT 2030 Strategy" and the "Digital Egypt" plan, thus becoming the leader of digital transformation in the Middle East. Therefore, the report believes that the promotion of national digital competitiveness is closely related to the government’s clear long-term goal of digital transformation and leading the formulation and implementation of comprehensive planning for digital transformation.

To enhance digital competitiveness, we need to support digital innovation and entrepreneurship.

The research report found that countries with rapidly rising digital competitiveness pay great attention to attracting international talents, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship, and strengthening the education and training of digital skills. For example, Italy has established a legal framework to provide visa convenience and tax incentives for start-up companies and scientific and technological talents through the Entrepreneurship Law (ISA), thus attracting tens of thousands of start-up companies to register and operate in Italy in just three years; The Spanish government has launched a series of entrepreneurship support policies, including the Entrepreneurship Promotion Law, the establishment of a national entrepreneurship office, and the introduction of outstanding international talents. Georgia is actively implementing the "2017-2021 Strategy for the Unification of Education and Science" to promote the modernization of science, technology and innovation system.

In view of this, the research report emphasizes that each country needs to fully develop its own digital thinking mode and digital ecosystem, and pay attention to the speed and effectiveness of policy implementation in order to improve its digital competitiveness. At the same time, from the evaluation results of global digital competitiveness in 2021, under the influence of multiple factors, the speed of digital transformation varies greatly among different countries, and the global competition pattern around digital transformation also shows a rapid change trend, and there may be many possibilities in the future. Generally speaking, countries that attach importance to and vigorously promote digital transformation can basically make significant progress in a relatively short period of time. Even countries with weak digital foundation can realize the acceleration of digital transformation after taking appropriate actions and measures. Therefore, governments should attach great importance to and carefully consider the future strategic decision-making and management mode in this key field, and effectively promote digital transformation based on actual national conditions.

　　But said it would cooperate with the government to legislate.

　　Eight ministries and commissions, including the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the General Administration of Press and Publication, the Information Office, and the Secrecy Bureau, joined hands to launch a special campaign nationwide for the first time. It is reported that this action began in April and will last until the end of the year. Google Maps, the difficulty of rectification named by experts, claimed that it was very wrong, and said that the current laws and regulations on Internet maps in China are blind spots, but it will cooperate with the government to do a good job in legislation.

　　The problem of errors, omissions and secrets of Internet maps is prominent.

　　Min Yiren, deputy director of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, said in an interview that at present, the problems existing in Internet maps are mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, marking a large part of China’s territory abroad in map representation; Second, it omitted to draw important islands such as South China Sea Islands, Diaoyu Islands and chiwei yu. Third, Taiwan Province, our territory, is represented as an independent country or Taiwan Province Island is omitted; The fourth is to draw the administrative boundaries of our country by mistake and publish important geographical indication information without authorization; The fifth is to mark some sensitive, undisclosed and even related information involving state secrets on the map.

　　By searching keywords on many domestic and foreign websites that provide China map search, the reporter found that these websites all have the problem of marking the location of geographic information, and marked some sensitive, not open and even related information involving China’s secrets on the map. On a website called "China Emergency Network" (emss.cn), there is a schematic diagram of more than 300 emergency centers in China on its self-made emergency map of China. However, this map has wrongly drawn China’s border line, and has drawn a large part of China’s territory abroad.

　　Relevant persons from the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping said that because the network map is in a dynamic form, it is updated quickly, and the websites copy and upload each other, so the problems existing in the network map are not only common, but also spread quickly and have a wide range of influence.

　　The lack of supervision of servers is a problem.

　　Why are there so many "problem maps" on the Internet? Li Yongxiong, director of the Department of Surveying and Mapping Achievements Management and Application of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, believes that one of the reasons is to make and upload the server at will. "At present, only a few maps published on the official website of the Olympic Games have been audited by the administrative department of surveying and mapping. Internet maps that violate laws and regulations are widespread. " He said.

　　According to him, at present, many geographic information service enterprises draw electronic maps of catering and tourism services through GPS locators without the qualification of surveying and mapping. "This kind of electronic map made by" surveying and mapping by the whole people "is not only rough, but also full of mistakes. It is also possible to mark some geographical information involving state secrets. " Li Yongxiong said.

　　A spokesman for Google China said that the basic geographic data sources of Google Maps were obtained from units with official surveying and mapping qualifications. Some experts pointed out that it is a difficult point to rectify a commercial website that provides map services like Google, whose server is abroad, if there is a "problem map".

　　However, the reporter saw on Google and other websites that users can indeed modify and upload map-related place names, building names and other information at will, and advertise their own business.

　　Internet map market oligopoly

　　Min Yiren, deputy director of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, believes that errors in Internet maps not only harm the interests of consumers, but also harm the interests of the state. He said: "Internet map is also the main form of national territory, and the wrong national territory is easy to cause our diplomatic passivity." For this view, Google China does not agree-Google China insists that the legislation on Internet maps in China is still in progress, and there is no clear legal provision on what is illegal, so the special governance action itself lacks a legal basis.

　　"In fact, relevant government leaders and staff often come to Google to discuss the details of how to formulate Internet map regulations. The development of the Internet is often ahead of the law. " A spokesman for Google China said. However, several other big Internet map providers are reluctant to express their views on this matter.

　　There are reasons behind Google China’s high-profile refutation of the special governance actions of the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. According to a reporter’s investigation, Google China purchased geographic data from Beijing Tumeng Technology Co., Ltd. The company not only has the ICP license "Jing ICP030699" for Internet content operation, but also has the map approval number of electronic map operation service provider issued by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping: "GS(2007)360".

　　According to the latest research of internet society of china and China Computer Users Association, Tumeng’s market share of map search technology services has reached 53% (including the total share of website traffic such as Google China, Sina Aiwen and SouFun); And its competitor-Beijing Tuweixian Technology Co., Ltd. (drawing approval number: "GS(2006)781") has a share of 41%; The two companies have almost formed an oligopoly in the Internet map market.

　　The laws and regulations need to be clearly explained by the regulatory authorities.

　　Some people have raised the question: Can the approval numbers issued by the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping to two electronic map operators be lent to other websites at will? For example, is it allowed by law for Google Maps to use the approval number of Tumen?

　　"This is a bit like driving a deck car on the road. It seems to be legal. If you check it carefully, you will be exposed." Yang Qun, an analyst of Warring States Policy, commented.

　　In addition, the following two acts are prohibited according to the Regulations on the Administration of Map Examination and Approval promulgated in August last year: first, the acts of not submitting maps for examination as required or using maps without examination and approval without authorization; Second, the map that has been examined and approved has not been revised according to the examination opinions. Those who commit the above acts shall be ordered by the administrative department of Surveying and Mapping of the State Council or the provincial administrative department of Surveying and Mapping to make corrections within a time limit, given a warning, and may be fined between 5,000 yuan and 20,000 yuan. The above provisions apply to both traditional maps and electronic maps.

　　According to Yang Qun, another important issue that needs to be clarified is: The map data provided by a company that has been approved by the government to qualify maps to a third-party company is legal and has been examined and approved. However, if a third-party company (such as Google China) makes modifications, additions and other secondary processing on this basis, does it need to be re-examined and approved by surveying and mapping departments at all levels?

　　"This issue is related to the life and death of many Internet map businesses." Yang Qun said so. (Dong Yi)

Editor: Jufu