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How to write undergraduate graduation thesis?

Worried about the thesis near graduation?

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Teachers of our School of Finance and Economics focus on students’ needs

Create a "personal tailor" micro-classroom

Teacher Yu Jian’s thesis writing instruction class is coming!

Writing and Guidance of Undergraduate Graduation Thesis

Speaker: Yu Jian

Ph.D. in Economics, Renmin University of China, currently serving as an associate professor and tutor of master students in School of Economics.

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brief Introduction of the content

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In this WeChat class, Mr. Yu Jian gave guidance to the writing of undergraduate graduation thesis, mainly from the following aspects.

First of all, Mr. Yu Jian provided a variety of options for the topic selection materials and ways of graduation thesis. He suggested that students should study topics with China characteristics from current hot issues, classical theoretical issues and issues of interest to them. When the theme of the paper is decided, everyone should start to find high-quality academic literature. Teacher Yu Jian summed up several characteristics of high-quality literature, namely, standardized economic analysis, high-grade journals published, many articles cited, and original and groundbreaking research issues. You can screen out high-quality papers for reference through these four characteristics.

Next, we should think about how to refine the innovation of the article. Teacher Yu Jian pointed out that some students think that as long as they study problems that others have not studied, it is innovation, which is a misunderstanding of thinking. The real innovation can be new research data, the application of old methods in new fields, a new research perspective and a new analysis of transmission mechanism. In addition, the current economic research is inseparable from the support of data. Teacher Yu Jian classified this according to the characteristics of data, and recommended relevant query sources for macro data and micro data.

When these preliminary works are completed, everyone is faced with the problem of writing a literature review. We need to pay attention to the five principles of writing literature review, namely, quoting classics, avoiding piling up documents, not sticking to details, grasping key points, and increasing literature context and comments. Teacher Yu Jian introduced them in detail. Finally, Mr. Yu Jian raised the question of the choice of research methods and sorted out three methods for everyone to choose.

The above is the main content of this WeChat class. I hope students can gain knowledge about paper writing, enrich themselves, enrich themselves and improve their academic research ability.

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one

Special period, forging special you

Speaker: Chen Yunsen

Professor of Accounting College, doctoral supervisor, Longma scholar-young scholar. Dr. Tsinghua University, a visiting scholar at Washington University in St. Louis and Chinese University of Hong Kong, was selected as the national accounting leading (reserve) talent program of the Ministry of Finance.

Special period, forging special you

Chen yunsen

A sudden COVID-19 epidemic has disrupted the pace of work and study for each of us.

No matter who you are, no matter what you are doing, you are always paying attention to the epidemic situation and being closely touched by this arduous epidemic prevention war.

Real-time data of epidemic situation disclosed by official media, rumors and rumors spread rapidly by social media, and whether there are infection cases in surrounding communities are all coming. The complexity of epidemic situation, the overload of information and the imbalance of mentality all make Chinese people anxious under the haze.

For our graduate students, this state of anxiety is especially serious in the face of the degree thesis to be submitted soon, the long-unfinished scientific research project or the sharp decline in learning efficiency.

What I want to say is that in a special period, forge a special you. Let’s "blame and upgrade" together on a special day. Here are a few Tips waiting for your Pick!

01. Temper your strong will and shape your sunshine mentality.

At present, people all over the country are forced to press the pause button. As time goes by, the incident has had a more or less impact on every student, and the students who are unfortunately in the areas with serious epidemic or whose family and friends are affected by the epidemic, as well as the graduating students who are in the critical period of their dissertations and employment.

However, everything has two sides. We have lost a lot from the "home life", but we can also get a lot. The biggest benefit is that we have a lot of rare time that can be controlled by ourselves. Guo Guangchang, the founder of Fosun, mentioned in a speech at Chaos University: "Are we willing to slow down and do something slow? Sink down, do the right thing, do the difficult thing, invest in the future, and do things that take time to accumulate. "

The greatest wealth in life is to have free time. For everyone, now is a good opportunity to settle down and think, study, settle down and examine yourself in silence, make a good position for your future, and do some solid work for your upcoming academic studies. Give your time a little time and give your hope a little hope.

Recently, I have been rereading Wang Yangming, especially his experience of realizing Taoism in Longchang, and I have a lot of feelings. The more difficult it is, the more time it takes to cultivate my mind. Great things are difficult, look at the responsibility, adversity is prosperous, and look at the mind. Since external objective factors cannot be changed, we should face them optimistically and calmly, and at the same time take this as a good opportunity to temper our will and actively find ways to deal with it. At home, teachers are constantly struggling with their own inertia and trying to maintain a fiery passion in a poor scientific research environment. I hope that graduate students will sort out their mentality and devote themselves to scientific research. By the end of the epidemic, they will be able to go more steadily and lofty.

02. Effectively divide tasks and arrange the schedule reasonably.

When the deadline for dissertation or scientific research project is clear, my general method is to push forward from the "deadline" and make clear what should be done at each time point and step. In the process of applying the "push method before the deadline", you need to leave yourself a buffer time of 1-2 days and a buffer time of 3-5 days for your tutor. For example, the school requires to hand in the first draft of the dissertation on March 15th, so the tutor must be given a full version of the dissertation on March 5th (the tutor’s schedule is very tight, so it is necessary to reserve time for sending it to him immediately), while on March 1st, he must finish the first draft of the dissertation himself (so that he can have time to polish and modify it as a whole and avoid various problems). To achieve this timeline, it means that all research forms and institutional backgrounds must be perfected on February 25th …

There is a classic line in Looking Up, "Life is like archery, and dreams are like an arrow target. If there is no arrow target, your daily bow drawing is meaningless". The same is true for scientific research. If you want to make good use of this method, you must divide the scientific research tasks effectively and reasonably, and find your own arrow target at every time node, instead of "grabbing your beard and eyebrows" every day, so that you are always in an extremely anxious and inefficient state and fall into a vicious circle.

03. Plan the daily timeline and create a sense of scientific research ceremony.

Academic research needs state. I have summed up my "state change curve" in one day. Generally speaking, the scientific research ideas are most active from 4 pm to 6 pm and from 10 pm to 1 am, while the state in the morning is average.

Therefore, my schedule for the day is: doing some routine and trivial work in the morning, such as downloading documents, regularly sorting out data, sorting out some institutional backgrounds involved in academic papers, etc. In the afternoon and evening at the peak of scientific research, the mobile phone and computer are basically disconnected from the internet (or deliberately away from the mobile phone and computer, and less online), and then focus on overcoming the non-programmed things in academic research that take a long time to do. You can also try to find your own "state change curve", and then arrange the time of the day reasonably and do the right thing at the right time.

In addition, the research environment at home is not as good as that at school, so some "special means" are needed to cut off all kinds of "temptation sources". You can set up your own workspace in advance, preferably an isolated space, with only necessary items on the table and clear away things that are easy to distract you in the line of sight. Every morning, when you want to force yourself into scientific research, first make a pot of tea or a cup of coffee, then put on headphones, randomly play some light music or white noise that can make the environment seem quieter, and then say to yourself, "Hey, it’s time for you to start working!

Creating a "sense of ceremony" is actually giving yourself a strong psychological hint. You will find that when you are used to such a "sense of ceremony", whenever you want to start learning, you no longer need to look for an illusory state, but just enter the workspace, and you will follow your own rules in a reflexive way and naturally enter the best state.

04. Supervising and motivating together, internal and external constraints.

If your self-control is not so strong, you may need to establish a reasonable and effective supervision and incentive mechanism to restrain and motivate yourself to the maximum extent. There is a good saying: "There are two indispensable partners in completing important tasks: one is planning, and the other is not enough time."

You can list the scientific research plan that has been effectively divided on paper, clearly mark the deadline of each task, place it in an easy-to-see area in the work area, remind yourself of the urgency of time and the importance of the task at any time, and give yourself an active supervision psychologically.

At the same time, you can also rely on external forces. For example, there are many APPs that learn to punch in, such as Forest and tomato To Do. You can choose an app that suits you and set the corresponding time for yourself, or you can make an agreement with your friends to work at the same time every day, plant a tree with Forest and supervise each other. No matter which method is adopted, you need to set the corresponding conditions and measures of punishment and incentive in advance, and remember to punish yourself if it is not completed! If you have finished, give yourself a reward and affirm your efforts. This sense of celebration ceremony will produce positive feedback and make your self-discipline have a positive cycle. However, we should also pay attention to the form of rewards. For example, playing mobile phones should not be used as a reward after completing a short period of study, because it will make it difficult for you to quickly enter the next stage of work. In addition, you can also actively contact your tutor, report your phased research results to your tutor regularly, and inform your tutor of the next research arrangement, thus giving yourself an external pressure.

People’s self-control is limited. As described in "Great Failure", many talented entrepreneurs are finally defeated by the word "desire". Pythagoras also said, "He who cannot restrain himself cannot be called a free man". After all, external forces are only auxiliary. Overcoming one’s own inertia, reducing one’s colorful desires, and doing subtraction for oneself, Focus on Focus, are the keys to enhancing self-control.

05. Cultivate business sensitivity and enhance social empathy.

The suddenness, unpredictability and great uncertainty of the epidemic have great influence on enterprise management, capital market investment and macro-economy. During this period, the frequent introduction of various national policies, the analysis reports of media analysts, the self-help of enterprises and entrepreneurs, and the professional analysis of scholars and think tanks have provided us with a good scene to test various events.

As a financial background, we have learned a lot of business management, macroeconomics, capital market and other related professional knowledge, but we have been lacking in practical baptism, and we have no idea that this matter should be put into practice. Students can just use this scene of the epidemic to understand the actual impact of an exogenous shock on macroeconomic and microeconomic subjects’ behavior and ask themselves what we can see from the economy and people’s livelihood under the new crown epidemic when the "black swan" flies. This is a good opportunity to improve financial literacy and cultivate Business Sense in the capital market.

In the drastic changes, it is easiest to see people’s nature and self-cultivation. Students should observe the life under the impact of the epidemic, and at the same time, don’t forget to cultivate empathy and social responsibility. "Infinite distance, countless people, all related to me." In the face of this epidemic, we are not outsiders. You know, Adam Smith, the originator of modern economics, not only wrote The Wealth of Nations, which laid the foundation of economics, but also another book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which he paid more attention to. All economics and management theories will lose their due role without sociality.

Liang Xiaosheng once said: "Culture can be expressed in four sentences, rooted in inner cultivation, self-consciousness without reminding, freedom with constraints, and kindness for others." I hope that everyone will do their best to help others, do altruistic things without the smell of copper, root kindness in the depths of their souls and be a warm person.

06. Seize the opportunity to read the literature and check the data.

In such a "free period", please seize the opportunity to systematically accumulate a large number of academic documents.

Published Chinese papers can be downloaded from the National Academic Journal Database of Philosophy and Social Sciences (http://www.nssd.org), China HowNet, VIP Information and other websites (you can log in through the school VPN).

Published English papers can be downloaded from WileyonlineLibrary (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), Science Direct (https://www.sciencedirect.com/) and other websites. The latest English working papers can focus on SSRN website (https://www.ssrn.com/index.cfm/en/) and various international and domestic academic conferences or university seminar.

For the specific data collection work, some useful database resources I have compiled are as follows:

1.** National Taian Database (CSMAR)

During the period from February 12, 2020 to February 29, 2020, any number of data products CSMAR be downloaded for free (as long as there are registered users).

Database address: www.gtarsc.com or cn.gtadata.com.

2.** Reiss database (RESSET)

Since January 30, 2020, RESSET database has provided free query and download services for data such as financial research database, macroeconomic database and industry database.

Database address: http://db.resset.com/.

3.** EPS database

Since February 2, 2020, EPS database has been open to all teachers and students free of charge. Database address: http://olap.epsnet.com.cn/.

4.** Wind database

Wonder Database has opened the epidemic database free of charge since February 19, 2020, and provided a variety of epidemic data processing and visualization templates. Address of epidemic database: http://wx.wind.com.cn/unitedweb/cmsapp/sites/sariinfo/message.html? from=timeline&isappinstalled=0

5.** Economic data

Before March 15th, Zhongjing Data will open all the economic statistical data resources in the database to registered users free of charge. Database address: ceidata.cei.cn.

In addition, there are many resources that have been sorted out on the Internet. However, I want to remind everyone that the network resources must be "implemented", instead of being shelved after WeChat "collected" or forwarded to "friends circle", without really clicking to collect them.

The above is my personal experience, for your reference only. Finally, in this special period, I hope you can protect yourself scientifically, and at the same time, systematically upgrade your cognitive level to the world, others and yourself, and don’t forget to write your dissertation and scientific research, so as to forge a special you on the basis of physical and mental health. The spring breeze is coming, let’s wait for the spring flowers to bloom together!

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2

The original paper can be written like this.

Speaker: Shao Lei

Associate Professor, School of Finance and Taxation, graduated from the National University of Singapore, and is a member of the school-level youth scientific research and innovation team.

The original paper can be written like this.

Shao Lei

Dear graduate students, hello! I am Shao Lei, a teacher from the School of Finance and Taxation. In such a special holiday, I believe many students are studying various online courses at home, and for the graduating class, they (or you) have another task, that is, to write their graduation thesis at home. Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to give some help to the students who are writing or are about to write their graduation thesis.

Frankly speaking, I don’t have much successful experience in scientific research, but I have accumulated a lot of failure lessons, which may not be a blessing for me personally, but it will be of special significance if I can share it with you as a valuable "pit-avoiding guide". In addition, in the process of instructing some students’ graduation thesis in recent years, I often have to answer their questions, such as "Mr. Shao, how to decide my topic", "Mr. Shao, there are too many documents to read" and "Mr. Shao, what should I do if Stata runs out with bad results". In the process of helping them overcome these difficulties, I gradually learned to look at the difficulties in writing papers from the perspective of my classmates, and found some feasible solutions. Therefore, I will share some experiences from these three most common problems: first, the topic selection, second, the literature, and third, the results for your reference.

01. The "big" and "small" of the thesis topic.

Regarding the topic selection of the thesis, my personal suggestion is to be both "big" and "small". What does this mean? First of all, the starting point of the thesis topic should be "small". In this way, we can better grasp this topic and explain a problem clearly within our own ability and the length of the paper.

Let’s give an example to illustrate it better. A classmate once told me that the topic of the paper he wanted to write was "Research on fiscal and taxation policies to promote innovation". I said, "This topic is too big. Can you be more specific?" So, he changed the topic to "the impact of preferential tax policies on enterprise innovation". I said it was still too big, so he further narrowed the topic to "the impact of preferential tax policies on enterprise R&D investment". But I’m still not satisfied, so it’s enough to suggest him to talk about a kind of preferential tax policy, so the topic of the paper has been changed to "the influence of income tax plus deduction on R&D investment of enterprises", so the topic of the paper is more specific. In fact, this story is not over yet. In order to make this student more confident in grasping this topic, I finally suggested that he add an industry restriction to the topic of his thesis. In fact, if necessary, no matter how small the topic is, it can continue to be refined. As I joked with the students, the topic of the paper is "not the smallest, only smaller".

Then, is the topic of the paper just pursuing "small"? No, let’s talk about "big" below. The significance of the paper should be "big", and we should see the big from the small to explore the extensibility and deep meaning of the research conclusion.

It’s just that example. After doing some empirical analysis, the classmate got that the income tax plus deduction has increased the R&D investment of enterprises in this industry by a certain percentage, but he felt that the research conclusion was a bit monotonous and there seemed to be little to discuss. So I reminded him whether it was possible to see whether large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises were affected differently, what impact did the increase in R&D investment of enterprises have on the upstream and downstream, what changes have taken place in the salaries of scientific researchers, and what enlightenment these research conclusions can bring to the fiscal and taxation policies that promote enterprise innovation. In fact, these problems are often referred to as heterogeneity analysis, spillover effect, general equilibrium effect and policy suggestions, so that the conclusions of empirical analysis are richer and more meaningful.

I found that a typical work of "seeing the big from the small" is "Fifteen Years of Wanli" that many students have read. Starting from the "plain year" of 1587 (the original text of the book), Mr. Huang Renyu only focused on the experiences of six figures, such as Zhang Juzheng and Hai Rui, around this year, but revealed the "crux of the great events that happened before" and "the opportunity to make waves in the future", showing his thinking on such a big problem as the deep-seated reasons for the decline of the Ming Dynasty.

02. How to "find" and "read" documents

Many students use this method when looking for documents: search the keywords of papers on HowNet, and read them one by one after downloading. However, unless the keyword selection is particularly accurate, we often get hundreds or even thousands of papers, which makes it difficult for us to choose the ones that are most relevant to our topic. Of course, we can narrow the search scope by constantly adjusting keywords. But is there any other way?

I summed up a method of "following the trail" from my personal experience and recommended it to all students. First, find a latest paper or classic paper in this field. If it is the latest paper, we will read its references after reading it, select some of the most relevant and influential articles cited by it, and then "follow the vine" from the references of these articles after reading it, and soon we can sort out the important documents in this field. Its significance lies in that the authors of each paper have spent their energy in sorting out the literature and carefully selected the important literature to quote, so this traceability method connects the thinking achievements of these authors into an interlocking chain, which is both complete and clear. If it is a classic paper, how can we find the follow-up research? There are ways. Careful classmates will find that many literature databases (including HowNet) list all the documents that cited the paper at the bottom of each paper, so we can use this function to "follow the vine".

In addition, there is an experience about how to read literature to share with you: reading literature with questions. When reading a paper, we can take a moment to read the summary and conclusion first, and get a general idea of what the paper is saying. Then, we have to ask ourselves, is this paper worth intensive reading? If so, which part is most worth reading carefully? Did the paper sort out the existing literature well? If so, go directly to the literature review section. Do you want to explain the system background clearly, learn the theoretical model or empirical method used, or just quote the research conclusions of the paper? By asking ourselves these questions, we can read the literature more pertinently and try to grasp the essence of each article in a limited time. Moreover, it is best to summarize these essence parts in one or two sentences immediately after reading, and make a note at the title of the paper (paper or electronic version is ok), so that when we look back at this article later, we can immediately grasp the most valuable part.

03. "Good" and "Bad" Results

Finally, let’s talk about a frustrating thing that often happens in the process of research, that is, we find that the results are different from what we expected. According to my own experience and the experience of guiding students, it may be that in 95% cases, it is all because of mistakes in our calculation, derivation or programming. Therefore, the first step is always to go back and carefully check every step in the research process. Many times, these mistakes are deeply hidden but very fatal. Therefore, this requires us to develop the good habit of recording at any time in the process of carrying out research. For example, when deriving the formula, write the process as clearly as possible, and it is best to take a photo of each page of draft paper; When programming, make comments in the code to explain what each line is doing. Detailed and clear records can be convenient for you or your instructor to go back and check at any time and find possible problems in the process.

If after repeated inspections, no problem is found, then the second step is to find a reasonable reason for this result. For example, we expect the effect of X on Y to be positive, but the result obtained by deduction or regression analysis is negative. What may be the reasons? Perhaps we only thought about the substitution effect but ignored the income effect, so the direction of the total effect should have been positive or negative; Perhaps it is the interference of a few deviation values on the results; Or maybe the positive effect of X on Y can only be exerted when a certain condition is met, that is, interactive items must be added, and so on. In this process, we can also talk to the instructor or classmates around us to see if they are surprised by this result, and maybe they can provide a reasonable explanation. In short, when we rule out the possibility that doing something wrong will lead to abnormal results, we should broaden our thinking and try our best to explore a reasonable explanation for this result.

The last step may be the sublimation of the second step: from our speculation and verification of the reasons for the "abnormal" results, we can condense innovative viewpoints, perspectives or discoveries, show the breadth and depth of thinking, and reflect the unique value of a research. In fact, if the results of a study are completely consistent with the expectations before the study, does our study seem too dull? Interesting and valuable results or thoughts are often hidden in places that are a little unexpected, and the exploration process of these "accidents" may just give birth to the unique highlights of the article, just as some literary critics will require a good novel to be both reasonable and unexpected.

The above is the experience of thesis writing shared with all students. Finally, I recommend students to search for an interesting set of schematic diagrams entitled "What is a doctor" on the Internet, which I think can also be understood as "What is scientific research", written by Professor Matt Might. I wish all students peace, health, happiness and enrichment!

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three

Try harder

Speaker: Lin Song

Dean, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of Business School, Ph.D. in Management, Tsinghua University. His main research interests are entrepreneurship and SME management.

Try harder

Lin Song

Time is the most precious resource, and it is fair to everyone. I quite agree with this sentence: at the level of most people’s efforts, it is simply not enough to fight for talent. The same is true in academic research. The talent of many academic cows may not be surprising, but their diligence is hard for ordinary people to match.

Many students can’t go out during the epidemic, which is the best time to study and write. Many students may complain that there is not enough information to write.

In the information age, these are no longer difficult problems. In fact, the resources we can use now are very rich. Many websites can find documents to download, and many websites provide a large number of open databases. If you need survey data, there are many platforms to provide survey means. Books on research methods can also be found online, and there are many forums to answer statistical problems encountered at the operational level.

All these resources should be used, and we will improve our research ability after the epidemic.

Many students already have a clear research plan, and even have begun to write formal papers for submission. While you are closed at home, carefully revise the recently completed article several times. The article is not afraid to change. The more you change, the more you can grasp the submission. If you don’t understand, hurry to find teachers and classmates online and solve the problem in time. In this respect, I would rather invest more time than call it a day. Have the ambition and preparation of "two sentences for three years".

In addition, management research should always be combined with management practice. This period of time can just observe the impact of the epidemic on individuals, organizations, industries and regions, and write a research design. When the epidemic is over, discuss with the tutors and students to see how to really carry on the research.

Many students may still be at the beginning stage, and it is rare to be quiet during this time, so it is just right to seriously look at the literature, especially the classic literature in the field of organization and management. Looking through the homework assigned in the research courses I have attended in the past, I can see which ones are skipped, and which ones only understand roughly, but I don’t know why. Find another classic model essay in this field and carefully interpret the structure and sentences of the article.

To these classics, we should have the persistent spirit of Wei Bian San Jue. These are all preparations for your career, and the accumulation now determines how far you can go in the academic circle in the future.

Students who still have time may wish to look at the classics in history, literature and philosophy. I am full of poetry and books. After all, the inside information and thoughts of the research come from personal cultivation, not just management literature.

We should also strengthen physical exercise every day. Doing research also depends on the body. Without good health, it is difficult to support the research life in the next few decades.

Reading behind closed doors on a snowy night, trying horses to find flowers in the Ming Dynasty. When winter goes and spring comes, when the grass grows and the warbler flies, we will discuss the research methods on campus and continue our past topics.

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four

Put your mobile phone where you can’t reach it

Speaker: Ouyang Yuanfen

Professor and doctoral supervisor of China Institute of Public Finance and Policy. Doctor of Economics and Master of Mathematics, Claremont Research University, USA.

Put your mobile phone where you can’t reach it

Ouyang yuanfen

The first greeting to graduates in 2020 may be this unprecedented enhanced long standby winter vacation. The sudden freedom may make you miss the warmth of bathing knowledge in school. Don’t panic!

While the whole country is fighting the virus with one heart and one mind, we can write papers efficiently without leaving home! Just put your mobile phone out of your reach and close the bedroom door, and you can sit in front of the computer all day.

A quieter atmosphere than the library, a research experience that you can concentrate on without any interference, you can think and read as much as you want, and when the epidemic clears and spring blossoms, it’s not fast to go back to school with a satisfactory paper!

01. About the topic selection

At this time, I believe everyone has decided their own topics, and a clear and definite topic selection is the premise of writing a good paper. If you are not clear about your topic or research direction, you should first pay attention to the research results published in the top journals in this field, so that your topic can keep up with the forefront. At the same time, you can also find your own research fields in combination with today’s economic hotspots. If necessary, you can also communicate with your tutor. Your tutor’s advice may be of great help to your topic selection. If you write a paper just for the sake of writing a paper, it will not only make the structure of the article messy, but also make the research results lack of contribution. It is best to choose meaningful research topics in combination with your own and your tutor’s majors and research interests.

Tips: I recommend a very useful gadget for everyone. If you want to get the latest information of all the journals in ScienceDirect at the first time, you can set up ScienceDirect Alert and check the journals you are interested in, so that you can receive the latest information on included papers and publications from the mail and keep up with the forefront.

02. About searching literature

Extensive reading of literature is an important part of scientific research, and more importantly, we can have a deeper understanding of the research status of selected topics by reading domestic and foreign literature. When searching for documents, we usually connect directly to the campus network at school and search for documents through the electronic resource library in the official website of the library. Now at home, we can still connect to the campus network through VPN, and then access to various periodical databases. At the same time, there are also some free websites to search for literature. Below, give you a summary of the common ways to search for literature at home:

1. Campus network: Students can log on to their own campus network through VPN, and use HowNet and the periodical literature database purchased by the school as in the library. The specific method is as follows:

http://vpn.cufe.edu.cn/info/1012/1054.htm? from=singlemessage&isappinstalled;

2. Baidu Academic: After logging into the campus network, you can use Baidu Academic to directly search for documents and download papers, which is very convenient. Another advantage of Baidu Academic is that by using its citation function, you can directly get a variety of topic formats summarized in references, so that you don’t have to modify the formats together at last. The website address is as follows:

http://xueshu.baidu.com/

3. SCI-HUB: The foreign language literature of this website is relatively complete, but you need to know the exact title of the literature, and all the literature you can find can be downloaded for free. The website address is as follows:

https://sci-hub.shop/

03. About the writing of introduction and literature review

Every student should strive to be a best-selling "thesis" writer (not an imaginative novelist! ), try to find out the bright spots in the works and sell them to readers. From the perspective of writing, the topic of the paper is very important. If your paper catches the teacher’s heart at the beginning, it will be half the battle! Therefore, several questions should be emphasized in the introduction: What is the research question of this paper? Why is it important? The important research progress of existing literature and the innovation and contribution of this paper.

Secondly, the literature review is not a simple list of several conclusions, but your thinking process when reading the literature, and it is also a summary of your inspiration by connecting these documents in series. Literature review needs logic and content. If we just copy the abstracts and conclusions of the literature, it will not only affect the duplicate checking rate, but also make the article look logical and chaotic. Literature review is mainly aimed at your research direction to introduce the current research status. By systematically describing the research methods, data and conclusions of the existing literature, you can better grasp the basic theoretical assumptions of the research problem, and dig out the contribution of the paper through comparison. A good literature review requires us to pay more attention to English literature and make a summary in time. By reading a large number of documents in related fields, learn to screen the documents that need to be written into the literature review. Generally, we will give priority to the literature of top journals at home and abroad, and then we will be more willing to choose the recently published literature, and we will also screen some classic literature with more references. The screening method of these documents is mainly to make our literature review more quality and more in line with economic hotspots.

Tips: Many students will accidentally involve plagiarism when writing literature review. There are two main reasons: First, they have not cited the literature well. Please find a few regular top Chinese and English journals and refer to how Daniel cited the literature. It is best not to find other students’ papers for reference, and the high probability will be wrong; The second is to pile up papers. Many students like to pile up the abstracts of English papers like bricks after translation, which is definitely not the correct way to write literature review, and it is also prone to duplicate checking. I suggest that you make a draft before writing, think clearly about the theme of each paragraph, and then sort out the literature related to the theme, and sum it up in your heart. Then cover the literature and write it according to your own understanding and words. It is best not to write while reading, so as to avoid piling up and translation plagiarism.

04. About database

Data processing and model design are important tools to verify the story you want to tell. The above has introduced how to use the campus network at home, and you can download all kinds of data you want from the school’s electronic resource library.

Below we simply summarize several commonly used databases in the electronic resource library:

1. China Knowledge Network-China Economic and Social Big Data Research Platform

The website is as follows: http://data.cnki.net/.

2. China Economic Net Statistical Database

http://db.cei.cn/page/Login.aspx

3.RESSET financial research database

The website is as follows: http://db.resset.com/.

4. National Taian Database

The website is as follows: http://www.gtarsc.com/.

There are also some databases available for free download at home and abroad on the Internet:

1. National Bureau of Statistics

The website is as follows: http://data.stats.gov.cn/.

2. China family tracking survey data CFPS

http://www.isss.pku.edu.cn/cfps/

3. China Health and Pension Follow-up Survey (CHARLS)

http://charls.pku.edu.cn/index.html

4. China’s household finance survey data CHFS

https://chfs.swufe.edu.cn/

5. World Bank database

https://data.worldbank.org/

6.IMF International Monetary Fund Database

https://data.imf.org/? sk=388DFA60-1D26-4ADE-B505-A05A558D9A42

7.BIS database

https://www.bis.org/statistics/index.htm

8. United Nations database

http://data.un.org/

05. About empirical analysis and software learning

I believe that most students may also need empirical research related to data analysis, so they may as well calm down and learn some commonly used statistical analysis software at home, such as Stata, Eviews, SAS, R and so on. Every teacher’s commonly used software is different, so it’s best to ask the tutor whether he should learn relevant software knowledge in advance.

For example, in the software learning of Stata, we can combine an introduction to modern economics using Stata (by Christopher F. Baum), Advanced Econometrics and Stata Application (edited by Chen Qiang), Econometrics with Stata (edited by Christopher F. Baum), Introduction to Econometrics (edited by Jeffrey woodridge) and other related econometric books. Through some examples and econometric analysis, we can quickly grasp the common operation steps of Stata analysis.

06. About duplicate checking and format

The repetition rate of the paper = (the number of repeated words/the total number of words) *100%. According to my writing experience, under normal circumstances, if the content of the paper is repeated with the published paper for 13 consecutive words, then this paragraph will be judged as repeated content.

The part with high repetition rate is mostly in literature review. Students should pay attention to the repetition rate of their own articles when completing their papers, and must not copy them. When handing in a paper, you should pay attention to the format of the article and make your article look more rigorous.

These tips are just some small tips. The quality and completion of the paper still depend on strict self-discipline and deep thinking. Do not cheat or disappear. Be sure to keep close contact with the tutor. Everyone should plan their time well at home in this special period, and the first draft of graduation thesis will be handed in in the near future. Students should take the time to improve their graduation thesis. I also hope that everyone can protect themselves in this special period and gain something at the same time!

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five

Graduate students living at home with humble abode

Talk about scientific research "

Speaker: Dai Hongwei

Professor and doctoral supervisor of School of Economics. Doctor of Economics, Renmin University of China; Fulbright Project Visiting Scholar in wharton school, USA; Selected by the Ministry of Education’s "New Century Excellent Talents Support Program".

Talking about scientific research with graduate students who live at home.

Dai Hongwei

My colleagues in the graduate school invited me to write something and talk to my classmates about how to do a good job in scientific research at home during the epidemic. Actually, I didn’t want to take this job, because it’s not easy to do, and it basically belongs to the thankless type. It’s like giving birth to a baby, whether it’s a pregnant woman with a big belly to give birth or a mother with a baby in her arms. If you nag others all day to teach you how to get pregnant, how to protect the baby, how to raise children … and so on, nine times out of ten, it will be annoying to be looked down upon, even if you give birth to a fat boy who is white and fat, it’s fine-what’s more, my "children" are neither so many nor so white nor so fat! However, it’s not easy to arouse the enthusiasm of colleagues in the degree office, and the second is the occupational disease of being a good teacher, so I have the cheek to talk to you. Anyway, I can’t see if you give me the dirty look.

On second thought, let’s talk about having a baby.

01 "pregnancy preparation"

If you want to have a baby when you become a family, of course, you have to communicate with your family. Writing a thesis, the object of intimate communication is of course-literature.

The first important thing is to choose a topic. The so-called "having a good topic is half the battle". So, where did the good questions come from? It didn’t fall from the sky, nor was it smashed by an apple on Newton’s head, but it was thought out. And where does thinking come from? It comes from reading. There are often students who are so anxious that they pull their hair out when they start a topic, and they don’t come up with a good topic. The key reason is that you don’t read enough (I’m not lying to you) or don’t read it thoroughly.

Read more literature that interests you-and the key is to really read it! Read more, and read it in. Seeing those good ideas of predecessors will make you wake up and get a better idea; A bad article will make you feel like a fishbone in your throat, so you must write something to argue with the author; This feeling is coming, and you will feel this kind of feel! Because, the fun of learning is that when you find a question that puzzles you or makes you feel interesting in reading, you will try to find the answer in the book and in previous studies. The so-called "There is a golden house in the book, there is a Yan Ruyu in the book, and there is a thousand bells in the book", which is also called.

The results of your hard work are nothing more than two. One is that you have found the answer, which has enriched your knowledge, and at the same time, you have gained the confidence of "being full of poetry and books" and "I also read several books in that year"; The other is that you haven’t found a good answer, so congratulations, your chance to make a name for yourself in the Jianghu has come, because the feeling of scratching your head and staying awake at night will force you to read the literature again until you find a solution to the problem. And this process is the fun of academic research.

So if you don’t find a good topic, or make do with a topic at the suggestion of the tutor and barely finish it, but you don’t dare to highlight the innovation point in the paper, don’t look for reasons elsewhere, most of them are not read enough and can’t read through.

Another possible source of the topic is the great demand in reality, such as the current epidemic situation and its impact on economy and society, which will definitely be a hot topic now and in the future.

02 "pregnant"

With a good topic, it is equivalent to a baby being conceived, and the next step is how to cultivate this "seed". If you grow vegetables, you have to water them frequently and apply more fertilizer after sowing; If you want to raise your child well in the womb, you must strengthen nutrition; If you want to write a good paper, you have to read more, think more and further demonstrate.

This step involves two important points:

The first is the further determination of the topic. With the general direction of topic selection, the next step is to limit the scope of the topic. Generally speaking, we don’t encourage such big and empty topics as "On China’s economic development" or "Research on China’s automobile industry development", which are difficult to make in-depth and innovative, but it doesn’t mean that this research direction is meaningless. We should read more carefully and dig deeper along this direction, and gradually move closer to "making a mountain out of a molehill", such as "Research on technological innovation and industrial upgrading of China’s automobile industry" or "Research on China’s automobile industry monopoly and government regulation".

Second, we can’t ignore the theoretical review. This link is important because it involves the foothold or innovation of your article. If your topic has been perfectly solved by previous research, or has been overused by many people, then the probability of your paper being "shot" is very high, and your research is meaningless. How do you establish the importance or significance of your article? We still have to look for it in the previous literature, so we should pay attention to the fact that literature review is not a general review of the central ideas of previous articles, but a must (knock on the blackboard! ) Find out the problems that have not been completely solved by predecessors, which is the significance and novelty of your own paper. The common mistake everyone makes in this part is to describe without commenting, but to list in general, without really "describing-commenting". Only by evaluating (finding) the unique contributions of previous studies on the basis of the above, that is, what problems have been solved and what problems have not been solved, can you find out how to fill the gaps and highlight your originality in your article.

03 "miscarriage protection"

Parents, of course, want their children to be beautiful and healthy, loved by everyone and blossoming. If you want your article to be well received, you have to make good corrections on the basis of good writing. Because of this, many "big cows" have said that good articles are all changed.

In addition to writing according to the fixed pattern of "putting forward questions, models and indicators, empirical analysis, conclusions and suggestions", the most important thing in this step is to extract your unique discovery, that is, innovation. Otherwise, even if the idea you came up with at first is very good and original, it has not been implemented in the specific analysis process, and it is of little significance to write the article.

Let’s talk a little more about innovation. After the paper is written, everyone is always afraid to write or can’t write innovation like a little daughter-in-law who is afraid to meet her in-laws. The reason is that the article has no unique findings or new conclusions, except for the lack of reading literature and lack of confidence. It is generally impossible for us to construct any new theories or create any new methods, but we can still integrate our interests and expertise, find new research perspectives, apply new data in analysis, find new findings, draw new conclusions and put forward new viewpoints, which is also the proper meaning of our research topic.

If you don’t do this, you have to go back and step by step according to the above links until you get satisfactory results. This link is very necessary for "protecting the fetus".

04 "production"

Be pregnant in October and give birth once. It is said that "children are their own good" because you have paid too much hard work and affection for them, and it must be pleasing to the eye. But you can’t just like it yourself, and you certainly want others to like it. Therefore, when a child is born, it has to be washed up before it can be held out for people to see.

To achieve this goal, there are finally two links to pay attention to:

First, make a good name, that is, go back and re-examine the topic. Because after your thesis is actually written, you often have to readjust the research time limit or adjust the research angle because of the availability of data and whether the conclusion has passed the test, and the original topic will inevitably need to be revised. At the same time, refining and polishing the title is as important as giving a loud and pleasant name to the newborn child. The title should accurately cover the theme, be straightforward and concise, and attract attention, so the name is a university question. For example, Mo Yan’s "Big Breasts and Fat Buttocks" is eye-catching and exciting enough. At first glance, it seems a bit vulgar and a bit hyped, but after reading this novel, you really feel that only this topic is suitable. This is where the kung fu lies.

The second is to freshen up, that is, make the final changes. Personally, I suggest that you don’t send it to the tutor or editor in a hurry, or you should leave it for a while for "cold treatment". After reading it through again in a few days, you will find many problems and make further revisions. After that, it is strongly recommended to print out a paper manuscript and read it twice. Because the effect of reading on the computer is different from that of reading on the paper version, there will be many problems in the paper version, such as typos, unreasonable sentences and even frame structure and article logic. Revise it again on this basis, and the quality of the article will definitely improve a lot.

After the change, you can submit it to the tutor or editor, and then make further changes after the feedback comes back. In particular, in the process of revision, we must seriously reflect on why the other party will make these suggestions, so as to really improve step by step.

In short, along this path, the academic road will be wider and wider, and I believe you will definitely give birth to a good "child". In the future, it will be said in the Jianghu that you are the father of a certain model or the mother of a certain theory. I believe you still have a great sense of accomplishment!

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six

Preparation before writing economic and financial papers

Speaker: Fang Yi

Associate Professor, School of Finance. Research fields: financial risk and supervision, financial technology.

Preparation before writing economic and financial papers

Fangyi

The writing of economic and financial academic papers is a combination of science and art. Everyone has different writing styles, but there are still some common elements. Here, I would like to write an article about thesis writing for your reference. In fact, the writing of the paper is only the last step of the whole paper creation. Before writing a formal paper, we need to have steps such as topic selection, literature and data.

This article is part of the "Academic Paper Writing" given to the students of the School of Finance. You can go to the superstar platform to learn about how to write papers (there are more dry goods).

About the preparation before writing the thesis. This paper mainly introduces you from five parts: topic selection, literature search, literature reading, data collection and data processing.

01 topic selection

You can consult your tutor on the topic selection. Under the guidance of the tutor, choose a meaningful and operable topic according to your own research interests.

In addition, here are some ideas for you to choose a topic.

(A) search authoritative journals published in recent years to find the topic.

For Chinese papers, please search for financial articles published in recent 3 years, such as Economic Research, Managing the World, Economics (Quarterly), World Economy, Financial Research, China Industrial Economy, Finance and Trade Economy and International Financial Research.

For English papers, please search for articles in international top journals of economics, and please try to choose articles in recent 10 years, as shown in the following table:

Table 1 List of Economic Authoritative Journals (Part)

(2) Search the website of authoritative journals and the conference information held or advertised by WeChat WeChat official account to find the direction of topic selection.

At present, the WeChat official account of Chinese economic periodicals such as Economic Research, Managing the World, Finance and Trade Economy and China Industrial Economy are all active, and will push various articles and conference information.

(3) Search and pay attention to the following meetings and articles.

1. Search the topics and research directions of famous societies such as the annual meeting of economics and the annual meeting of finance. Pay attention to the conference papers of top conferences such as AEA and AFA in the United States. This is also a good place to download papers.

2. Pay attention to some academic papers and push relevant academic information of WeChat WeChat official account. For example, express delivery of frontier papers in finance, Cinnamomum camphora Economic Academic Circle, Paper Stuffy Pot, Haw Hall, Great Financial Thought, etc.

3. Participate in various academic forums and other academic conferences organized by the school to find the direction of topic selection.

4. You can also find topics from financial news and research reports. Economic Observer, Caixin.com, FT Chinese Network, CBN, "Chief Economist Forum" WeChat official account, etc.

5. You can pay attention to Vox(https://voxeu.org/) and voxchina (http://www.voxchina.org/). These websites are the websites where economists write academic Weibo for their academic papers.

So, what kind of topic is an easy topic to do? The following is an idea that is easy to write a paper (but not necessarily very meaningful).

(1) Choose a small topic. Make a mountain out of a molehill. For example, "From the Perspective of Behavioral Finance * * *" and "Research on the Impact of Internet Finance" are not particularly good topics because they are too big.

(2) Select the topic for which data can be obtained. Financial Technology * * *. Whether data can be obtained on this topic needs to be determined first. You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.

(3) Select the research topic of the influence of X on Y.. Here, both x and y need to be measurable. For example, "Research on the Impact of Interest Rate Marketization on Commercial Banks" may not be a very good topic. Here, there may be a problem with the measurability of x and y.

The topic can come from financial news or academic papers. So, what’s the difference between the two?

Generally speaking, the topic selection of financial news is often closer to reality and grounded, and the significance of topic selection is often greater. The topic selection of academic papers is more academic, but it is not necessarily happening in reality, and everyone is most concerned about it.

It is very difficult for beginners to choose topics from financial news, and it is difficult to find an accurate academic breakthrough point and choose a suitable academic method. Selecting topics from academic papers is suitable for beginners, and it is easy to produce "results" by simple combination, but it is hard to say how much the meaning of the articles is.

02 find literature

Searching for literature mainly includes the following points.

(A) English papers are suitable for academic search engines-searching for keywords.

You can search by keywords through Baidu Academic, Google Academic, Google Academic (https://gfsoso.99lb.net/) and Bing International Edition.

When searching, you can choose the year and the articles cited from these articles.

Figure 1 Search engines search for documents

You can consult your tutor on the topic selection. Under the guidance of the tutor, choose a meaningful and operable topic according to your own research interests.

(B) Chinese papers from the China Knowledge Network (CNKI) search (http://www.cnki.net/)

Chinese economic journals: Economic Research, World Economy, Economics (Quarterly), Managing the World, etc.

Chinese financial journals: Financial Research, International Financial Research, Financial Supervision Research, etc.

Other Chinese periodicals: journal of management sciences in china, China Industrial Economy, Finance and Trade Economy, Economics Trends, Finance and Economics Research, Nankai Economic Research, etc.

Other periodical papers in the CSSCI periodical catalogue.

You can download papers according to the number of downloads and citations, or download papers in authoritative journals.

(C) English unpublished academic papers website (Working Paper: unpublished frontier papers, generally downloadable)

(1) Social Science Research Network (SSRN) http://www.ssrn.com/en/

(2) Economic Papers: http://econpapers.repec.org/

（3）IDEAS: https://ideas.repec.org/

(4) NBER http://www.nber.org/.

(5) Federal Reserve: http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/default.htm

(6) International Monetary Fund (IMF Working Paper): http://www.imf.org

(7) Bank for International Settlements: http://www.bis.org/list/wpapers/

(8) European Central Bank (ECB working paper)

(4) Just track the homepage of the domain cattle people regularly.

If you stay in a field for a long time, you can know some awesome people. You can track the research of cattle people.

Take Systemic Risk as an example, V.V.Acharya of NYU stern, Tobias Adrian of NYU Vlab Experiment (https://vlab.stern.nyu.edu/). S.S.Shin of BIS and Markus K. Brunnermeier of Claudio Borioprinceton University. Jon Danielsson of LSE and LSE Systemic Risk Centre. Rama Cont of Imperial College London and others can be concerned.

03 reading literature

In such a "free period", please seize the opportunity to systematically accumulate a large number of academic documents.

Literature reading is also skillful. Generally speaking, only those who have written papers can read them better.

(A) the way to read literature depends on the purpose of reading literature.

For the purpose of learning to write, you can read only the international top 5 and the top papers of domestic economics. This research topic has nothing to do with the thesis, because the writing of authoritative journals is often first-class.

For Chinese, you can read the papers of Economic Research, Managing the World, World Economy, Economics (Quarterly) and Financial Research. Don’t focus on the method and theme, see how others express it. At this point, you must be careful when reading the paper. Look at people’s words and sentences, how to organize logical relationships, etc.

For literature reading aimed at finding research topics and methods, don’t just read the top papers. It is necessary to give priority to keyword search and give consideration to periodical grades. To learn how to make a paper and find a research topic, you need to find a paper that suits you. Find the dish that suits you. Here is to introduce the "three-step" reading literature.

(B) "three-step" reading literature to find research ideas

The first step (initial stage): "Hungry for food" (extensive literature search)

Literature review and keyword search are the main methods.

On literature review and search. You can find it in journals that can publish authoritative literature reviews. For example, chinese magazine has Economics Trends and International Financial Studies. English magazines include Journal of Economic Perspective and Journal of Economic Literature.

You can also find the literature by searching for "keyword+Survey(Literature Review)".

The second step (mid-stage): "Looking for him in the crowd" (extensive reading of literature)

Browse literature review, reference list and other related documents and other related documents searched by keywords.

Focus on the introduction and conclusion of these documents. Need to take notes.

Browse the basic model and data table of the article, find out whether you can hold this article, and mark the articles that you can hold. Don’t eat it if it’s not your dish! Focus on the following questions

Theoretical model, can you understand it? Can you change it?

Measurement method, can you program it?

Data, can you find it?

Find articles that often appear in various articles and mark them.

The third step (closing stage): "looking back suddenly" and "stalking and beating" (intensive reading of literature)

Print the marked articles into books and read them repeatedly-read them well.

Find a few closest articles, carefully compare their advantages and disadvantages, and don’t give up every detail-intensive reading.

At this point, either give up the footnote or the Appendix.

Focus on solving the model, where to find the data, and how to deal with the data.

How to realize the measurement method by software? How to generate tables? How to draw graphics?

Take one of these closest articles as a template and ponder it over and over again, so as to replicate the results.

Based on the copied template, relying on the related literature, and according to your own association, these articles are spliced and combined, so as to get your own article template. (the prototype of the self-created article has been made! )

"Three-step method" is not omnipotent, but also has its own advantages and disadvantages.

"Three-step method" is a quick method of writing, which is only suitable for beginners. Beginners need small incentives, especially the first article they have made, which is very motivating. If the motivation is done well, the interest will be there. It is possible to make a big article later.

However, the innovation of articles obtained by "three-step method" is generally not too high. Because the articles found are similar, simple splicing is just a physical reaction. Small marginal contribution in literature research.

In addition, if you have a very deep knowledge of literature in the early stage, chemical reactions will occur for articles in completely different fields after their own deep processing and complex splicing. This is a great marginal contribution in literature.

It should be pointed out that these are all researches from literature to literature. Not necessarily from real problems, not necessarily grounded.

04 collect data

Regarding how to collect data, there are several places to go.

(A) the professional database purchased by the school

Go to the school library to find the database, which is the most effective. Our financial colleges and universities have comparative advantages in this respect, and there are many databases about finance and economics.

The search path is as follows: http://lib.cufe.edu.cn/ → Resources → Chinese database, foreign language database and trial database.

(1) Statistics of China Economic Net

The macro and industry data of this database are complete.

(2)RESSET financial research database

This database contains all the financial market and company financial data.

(3)Wind database

This is the best database for China finance. You can go to the teaching technical service center of the school website to find Caiyun platform and apply for the use time of Wind. Or go to the electronic reading room on the east side of the first floor of the library and use the computer’s Wind terminal to download data.

(4) Guo Taian

This database is suitable for downloading financial statements of listed companies, and it is advantageous to do related research on corporate finance and financial markets.

(5)EIU CountryData Database

This is a global macro database. It is better to be macro.

(6)CEIC database

Make a better database of global macro and international finance.

(7) Global Bank and Financial Institution Analysis Library

This database is a good database for banks and a concentration camp for financial statements of banks and securities companies.

(8) Analysis Database of Global Listed Companies

This database is the place to download the financial statements of listed companies.

(2) Publicly available databases

(1) Juchao Information http://www.cninfo.com.cn/

Where to download the annual reports of listed companies in China.

(2) National Bureau of Statistics

(3) China People’s Bank (Financial Statistics)

(4) Federal Reserve

(5) European Central Bank

(6)CEPII database

(7) China Free Trade Service Network

（8）World Economic Outlook Database

(9)WDI database

（10）UNDATA

（11）UN COMTRADE

I hope that when you do research, you can be a conscientious person and pay more attention to the data sources in some articles.

(C) NBER database of open scholars

Link: https://data.nber.org/data/

Contains the following word banks:

Macro Data

Industry, Productivity, and Digitization Data

International Finance and Trade Data

Individual Data

Healthcare Data — Hospitals, Providers, Drugs, and Devices

Demographic and Vital Statistics

Patent and Scientific Papers Data

Other Data

Figure 2 where NBER downloads data

Figure 3 Macro Database

Figure 4 International Finance and Trade Database

The database of international finance and macroeconomics catalogs of data sources contains the following sub-libraries:

（1）Capital controls and macro-prudential

（2） Exchange rate regimes

（3） Financial crises

（4）Fiscal data

（5）Bank ownership

（6）International price data

（7）International capital flows and interest parity

（8）Financial Development and Central Banking

(four) survey and statistics database, etc.

These are all microscopic databases of China.

(1) Southwestern University of Finance and Economics China Financial Survey Database.

(2) National Balance Sheet Database of National Finance and Development Laboratory.

(3) China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in China, Peking University.

(4) China Household Income Survey of Beijing Normal University (CHIP).

(5) China industrial enterprise database.

(5) Private data

This mainly refers to the private data obtained through their own private channels or partners. Pay attention to data desensitization and avoid breaking the law.

You can use a big data crawler (pay attention to the anti-scraping mechanism and pay attention to breaking the law), or you can manually organize the database.

05 processing data

(A) data cleaning

Data cleaning is the first step to do a good job of research. It is also a very crucial step.

Data cleaning is to sort out the collected data into the data needed for measurement or model simulation.

The data type can be cross section, time series and panel type.

When cleaning the data, try not to eliminate the observed values, and try to save the original data.

When doing data cleaning, it is recommended to use STATA software to do data cleaning. This is the most commonly used command of STATA and its purpose:

Drop (keep)-eliminate (keep) variables or observations.

Gen/replace-generate/modify variables

Rename-Modify the variable name.

Label-Assign a label value to the variable.

Sort/gsort-sort the observed values of variables.

Order-Sort the order of variables in memory.

Merge-Merge different data sources (horizontal integration)

Append-Merge different sub-samples from the same data source (vertical merge).

(2) Statistics

It is very important to know your data. If the data is wrong, the paper must be wrong.

Before doing research, you need to ask yourself a few questions.

What is the data frequency? Is there any missing value? Are there any abnormal values? Where is the range of variables? How big is the data sample size? What is the data unit?

It is suggested to use STATA software for data statistics:

Sum-the most commonly used descriptive statistical table

Tabstat-You can get the quantile of each variable.

Describe-get the information of each variable

Codebook-Check the internal information of variables in detail.

Table-get the frequency table

Two way scatter/two way line-get the scatter plot.

Winsor-remove outliers

Nmissing-Find the number of missing values.

Ipolate-interpolation

Figure 5 sum and tabstat

Figure 6 describe

Figure 7 codebook

Figure 8 table

Sharpening a knife is the first and most important step to write a good paper, so it is necessary to choose a topic, arrange documents and data in the early stage. I hope you will pay attention to the key step before writing your thesis, and wish you all a smooth research.

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seven

"When winter goes and spring comes, it is a good time to accumulate wealth."

Speaker: Travel around

Associate Professor of Law School, Master Supervisor, Executive Director of Asset Management Rule of Law Research Center, and Deputy Director of Commercial Law Teaching and Research Section of Law School; Peking University, doctor of law, visiting scholar at Taiwan Province University and Tohoku University. He is also a director of the China Commercial Law Research Association and an external expert of the Postal Industry Security Center of the State Post Bureau.

"When winter goes and spring comes, it is a good time to accumulate wealth."

travel around

Thanks to the trust of the graduate school, allow me to write some words to encourage my classmates to continue their study and research at home. I have always felt the need to write some words. Two nights ago, the graduate students who received their own guidance sent nearly ten papers to me for approval, and told me that they would submit them to the college at 22 o’clock that night, which made me feel more necessary to write some words.

At the beginning of the Spring Festival in 2020, the sudden COVID-19 outbreak touched everyone’s heart, and also affected our original step-by-step study and life. During this postponed school term, the routine operation may be eating and sleeping, sleeping and eating, and "Ge You Lie" in thousands of postures. However, in fact, there may be another correct "opening way"-if you consciously "charge" and "burn your brain", now may become a critical period for you to stand out and be different.

Delaying the start of school is not a holiday, it is a "holiday ([ji m]) period" … I hope that after reading this tweet, this sentence will always reverberate in your mind. ^_^

Everyone can be the most beautiful retrograde person on the road to knowledge.

During the epidemic, how many people went to the front line to fight the epidemic, they were all the most beautiful retrograde people. As teachers and students, there are actually positions that you and I need to hold on to. When many people are bored at home, if you can study quietly, you are also the most beautiful retrograde person.

Looking back at history, all successful people have some characteristics of "survival in adversity" more or less. I tend to understand "survival in adversity" from another perspective: this does not mean bravely facing setbacks, but you have to do the opposite when everyone does that. For example, when others are rushing to the frontier issues and have published many articles, we can make some cold thoughts on them based on related traditional propositions. Take my own research as an example. Although commercial law is considered to be one of the disciplines that are most closely related to business practice, in recent years I have also made a hard attempt to do some research on traditional propositions, such as reflecting on the separation of two powers, the enterprise unit system, the nature of equity and the function of company law, etc. Thanks to the periodical editors, I have published some papers one after another. The reason why I made such an attempt is that I gradually discovered that traditional proposition research has three characteristics: constant innovation, alienation and cross-border. The so-called constant novelty refers to the fact that the traditional proposition can be called a traditional proposition and has attracted the attention of academic circles in different periods. It must be because it has the vitality of keeping pace with the times, and even if the situation changes, it will never leave its Sect. The so-called alienation refers to the fact that traditional propositions have a long history and are often misinterpreted by contemporary people, which makes them unable to effectively guide contemporary practice, so it is necessary to dispel the fog and root out the source. The so-called cross-border means that the research of traditional propositions (especially in the field of law) often needs the help of excellent achievements in other disciplines, so that it may achieve more remarkable results in research methods.

However, this is by no means advocating that you should do some abstract theoretical research. The study of basic theory can not only be from theory to theory, but also try to examine the current practical problems from a longer-term perspective and pattern. Therefore, cold thinking requires not only courage, but also confidence-reading more, writing more, diving more, accumulating more, and consciously practicing highly recognizable research methods, etc., all of which are the sources of confidence.

02 reading pleasure: different aspects of reading.

Su Shi said, read widely and take about it, and accumulate it with little hair. I often joke that "thick accumulation and thin hair" is a true portrayal of academic work: a lot of papers have been written, but a few papers have been published. However, this does not go against the truth-more and more articles have been rejected, and in fact, the closer they are to successful publication. The starting point of all good papers, without exception, is the massive reading from the heart with a passion.

Reading from the heart is for pleasure. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of understandings about reading: technical reading, intensive reading and enjoyable reading-those who have achieved academic success are technical reading, mainly textbooks for exams; There are specialized books for study, mainly for getting a degree; Those who are interested in everything are happy to read, casual and free. Of course, studying with the curiosity of not solving puzzles is undoubtedly enjoyable. The main problem of many students is that they feel sleepy when they open books, and they are not happy. The phrase "learning from the sea is endless and making a boat" has delayed many young people’s journey of reading. The root of the pain may lie in utilitarian reading-what this book can give itself.

Why study? Nietzsche said that the study of utilitarian purpose is bound to have no real interest. Havel said, we insist on one thing, not because it will have results, but because we firmly believe that it is right. In fact, it can be said that it is simpler, that is, not why. Reading is nothing more than a pleasure. Hu Shi said it well, fearing that the truth is endless, and there is an inch of joy in every inch.

You may say that you have no time to read because of the short school period and various chores. Excuses are excuses. No matter how busy we are, we still eat, sleep and fall in love. As long as you get used to it, you will like it. How to form a habit? Here are some immature suggestions:

(1) Use events instead of time as reading trigger. Many students are used to making reading plans like this: reading for 1 hour at 9 pm; The reality is: the community dinner is at 10 o’clock; Result: Reading is ruined. You know, time is uncontrollable, but some events are inevitable. Try to change the way you plan: read for 20 minutes after lunch or before going to bed. Look, you can’t escape unless you fast all night.

(2) Make full use of corner time. Many students are used to spending a whole block of prime time reading. In fact, this practice is not recommended unless they are reviewing exams or professional books that they have to read. Following the previous point, we can try to read after meals, before going to bed or in our leisure time, and each reading time does not need to be too long unless we have the will to continue reading.

(3) Don’t set the reading task too heavy. Many students are used to setting up some impossible flag on impulse, such as reading a book in two days, or forcing themselves to challenge an extremely difficult book, which will reduce their interest in reading. Especially in the early stage of cultivating habits, it is best to start with simple tasks, such as reading 5 pages a day; Then, every day you may be overwhelmed by overfulfilling your tasks, and then slowly increase your reading tasks.

(4) Take notes, especially electronic notes that can be "reproduced". Many students are used to taking notes by hand, which may make you spend a whole day rummaging through everything in order to find a record. Taking notes by mobile phone or computer, you can quickly find the notes you need through the search function, take notes in crowded places such as subway, and synchronize your notes.

All right, stop dawdling and start. To paraphrase: The best time to start reading is ten years ago, followed by now.

Writing: There are countless rules and regulations, and the Tao is natural.

Of course, even if you love reading, writing is still a painful job for most people. A few years ago, I wrote in the postscript of my doctoral thesis: "Those so-called big things are often small. When we choose to love a small thing, we are doomed to enjoy envy in a small part of the time and have to endure loneliness in most of the time." It takes a lot of determination to make steel. Every time you write an article that satisfies you, you will definitely feel that all the hard work before is worth it.

It is true that writing needs to pay attention to methods. But it may be more accurate to say that every article written by everyone may need to use the corresponding methods. At the beginning of writing a thesis, try as many different methods as possible to explore one or more of them that you are best at. In the same article, it is suggested to use one method to run through the whole article, which can be supplemented by other methods to analyze some details. In the final analysis, the use of writing methods is closely related to everyone’s reading surface and reading volume-many awe-inspiring scholars have distinctive personal characteristics in their articles and writings, and such recognition is often the perfect fit between reading and writing. At this point, it doesn’t matter what method is used.

In the process of writing, you must communicate with your tutor more. According to my own experience, even a cold teacher will be softened when he meets persistent students. After all, it is the right way to contact teachers frequently because of academics. Of course, according to my own lessons, it is best to pay attention to the following points when discussing paper writing with my tutor:

(1) The "deadline" is for you, not for your mentor. If today is the deadline, you must send the paper to the tutor more than one week in advance. After all, you only have one tutor or doctoral tutor, but you are not the only tutor.

(2) With the framework, the tutor can communicate with you peacefully. Every time I meet a student asking what topic to write in a paper, or how to write a certain topic, I feel a little angry. There is no topic you can’t write, whether it is cutting-edge or traditional. The key lies in your preliminary opinion on the topic itself. Therefore, it is best to discuss the paper with the tutor by reading the corresponding literature, drafting the general framework of the article (it is suggested to make full use of mindmanager, as shown below), and attaching the corresponding materials, so that the tutor can give constructive suggestions.

(3) Pay attention to the formality, and check the format, words and punctuation more so that there is no dead angle in 360 degrees.

Teachers read a lot of literature, and even if the line spacing of different paragraphs in the article is only 0.01 times different, it will be dazzling, so don’t take any chances. Before submitting any article (even the first draft) to the tutor, it is best to stylize it, which is actually an important stage to improve your own paper.

In this special period, in fact, tutors are really idle at home except for being tortured by online classes for a while. Take this opportunity to contact them by email and other means to talk about their papers and future.

Finally, return to the original.

Whether reading or writing, the purest is often the most valuable and attractive. So, how to improve the "purity" of your own research? Limited by space, here are a few words.

First of all, pay attention to the native land and don’t love the other side. Whether it is a theoretical or practical problem, since it is China’s problem, we need to pay more attention to the local elements to solve the problem. Extraterritorial resources should be fully used for reference, but it is a means rather than an end. What exactly is China’s contribution-both we and you need to reflect on it.

Secondly, reading and writing can try to pay more attention to the historical perspective. This is closely related to the previous point, and all current problems are nothing more than the repetition of history. A civilization with a long history is sometimes an advantage and sometimes a fetter, but it will never be able to get rid of it. Resource endowment is contained in the long river of history and is an important treasure for our study and research.

Once again, present the truest self. Don’t follow suit, don’t follow the fashion, whether reading or writing, always confirm what topics you are interested in. Especially when writing a thesis, try to show your strengths as much as possible. For example, students who are illegal in this field should combine their undergraduate studies as much as possible, and strive to study the breadth; It is best for a master of French or a master of learning to determine his own research direction as soon as possible, and constantly dig deep into some details to strive for the depth of research.

In a word, it is to return to the original.

It’s February in the lunar calendar. Winter goes and spring comes, which makes us all better ourselves. The so-called "good" must not have a unique paradigm. We just need to improve our recognition as much as possible and reduce our substitutability. Whether it’s "the mountains and rivers are different, the moon and the sky are the same" or a simple "come on", it’s good to have a heart.

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eight

Scientific research is a lifelong event

Speaker: Li Xiaorong

Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, Vice President of School of Finance and Taxation, Head of Asset Appraisal Institute, winner of Fok Ying Tung Fund of Ministry of Education, the first batch of "Dragon Horse Scholars" young scholars of Central University of Finance and Economics, Ph.D. in Management (Finance) of Business School of Renmin University of China, visiting scholar of Columbia University in the United States, concurrently serving as Deputy Secretary-General of Graduate Education Steering Committee of National Asset Appraisal Professional Degree, member of National Asset Management Standardization Technical Committee, member of Education and Training Committee of Beijing Asset Appraisal Association, etc. He once worked as a research assistant at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Scientific research is a lifelong event

Li xiaorong

At this time in previous years, graduate students should be busy with classes, internships, academic activities, writing papers or looking for jobs at school, and proceed in an orderly manner under the arrangement of the school. However, the sudden epidemic has forced students to stay at home. In order not to affect the development of students, the school has made various thoughtful arrangements to make the disorderly life orderly. Nevertheless, the changes in space and mentality brought about by the epidemic will inevitably have adverse effects. In the previous issues, teachers put forward many effective suggestions on how to write papers at home, which are very comprehensive and specific. Therefore, I will not talk about how to write papers any more, but just want to put forward a point of view: scientific research is a lifelong event, hoping to change some students’ views. If more students can pay attention to scientific research, it will be considered as the contribution of writing this essay. Around the viewpoint that "scientific research is a lifelong event", I mainly talk about three aspects: the common problems existing in postgraduate stage, the value of scientific research and the methodology of scientific research.

01 Frequently Asked Questions

According to many years of experience in teaching and guiding graduate students, I personally find that some graduate students have the following common misunderstandings or problems:

(A) learning knowledge is a bounden duty.

Before the first class for graduate students, I often ask my classmates what they want from the class. Most of the answers are to learn more knowledge. Learning knowledge is important, but the main task of graduate students is not to learn knowledge, but to create knowledge. If the postgraduate stage still focuses on learning, it will enter the post-undergraduate stage, not a real postgraduate. In order to create knowledge better, we should not neglect the cultivation of critical thinking and innovative thinking. In the undergraduate stage, we may accept all the knowledge taught, but in the postgraduate stage, we should learn to question, criticize and innovate. Even if the documents posted in Top Journal are re-anonymously reviewed, there are still 10,000 reasons to refuse, and Mr. Daniel will make mistakes sometimes. Therefore, we should learn to think independently, to question and criticize. Failure to find a problem actually reflects the limitations of your thinking. Criticism is the way to find a problem, and in fact, criticism is also the beginning of innovation. Regarding the cultivation of innovative thinking, I encourage students to think more, even if it is irrelevant, it is better than repeating other people’s views.

(2) Internship and textual research are king.

At present, a serious problem for graduate students is that they attach too much importance to internship and textual research. They start internship and textual research as soon as they enter school. Even if people are in class, they are absent-minded, and their soul and body are separated, let alone scientific research, and they even sneer at academics. In this case, I think they are not graduate students, but at most they are "on-the-job graduate students" (work is the main business, and classes and scientific research are sideline businesses). One of the problems caused by this phenomenon is to deal with the course papers and graduation papers, and the quality of the papers is getting worse. Personal experience in guiding graduate students for many years shows that the internship time is negatively correlated with the quality of papers. The more internship time, the more time you occupy for scientific research and the less energy you spend on papers. I’m not against internship and textual research. Internship and textual research are really beneficial to finding a job, but we can’t ignore the cultivation of research ability in graduate stage. The certificate can be tested after work, but it’s hard to cultivate research ability without the platform of the school. How can there be such a strong scientific research atmosphere and high-quality resources in the future? This epidemic deprives students of internship opportunities, but it is a good opportunity to improve the quality of scientific research. I hope that students can use their time at home to read more documents, do more scientific research and write high-quality papers. When you are old, will it be a good memory to recall that you have published papers in a well-known journal? Or there is a high-quality paper published on your resume, no matter what career you are engaged in in in the future, people will look up to you.

(C) the paper lacks innovation

Whether it is a course thesis or a graduation thesis, it is difficult to find any papers that shine at the moment. Most of them are repeating other people’s stories, or adding a situational variable, or changing the sample period, or simply copying foreign papers, which reflects the lack of innovative thinking and does not know how to find research problems. Professor Chen Xiaoping of Washington University put forward four methods to find research problems: phenomenon-driven method, method-driven method, inspiration-driven method and literature-driven method. I quite agree with him. Phenomenon-driven method refers to finding research problems according to the phenomena that appear in reality; Method-driven method is to use new research methods to study problems; Inspiration-driven method refers to the research problem of inspiration selection based on sudden; Literature-driven method refers to finding missing variables from previous literature, thus raising research questions. Personally, I think that no matter what kind of research problem you choose, it can give people new knowledge and change readers’ view of the world, which is considered innovative.

(D) Chose the wrong "giant’s shoulder"

Standing on the shoulders of giants is particularly important for academic research. However, some graduate students have the problem of choosing the wrong "shoulders of giants" and treating their graduated seniors and sisters as "giants". I often wonder why students often make the same mistakes in their graduation thesis every year, and even I repeatedly emphasize the problems that can’t appear in class, and I still make the same mistakes when writing my graduation thesis. I think about it carefully, and perhaps the main reason is that the common way for students to write their graduation thesis is to look at how their seniors write their graduation thesis, thinking that they can pass the defense if they write it according to their thesis paradigm, but I don’t know that your seniors’ graduation thesis has many problems, and some of them even pass by luck. So what is a "giant"? Papers published in top journals are "giants", and they have undergone strict peer anonymous review. The better the journal, the more demanding the reviewers are, and the quality of the papers is guaranteed after anonymous review. The anonymous reviewers of top journals are also top, and the papers that can be published represent the research taste of top scholars. Therefore, we should read more, learn more and quote more papers from top journals.

The value of scientific research

Personally, I think that scientific research is not only for obtaining graduate degrees or publishing papers, but also for thinking training. The skills or thinking training obtained in scientific research can help you take every step of life and help you succeed. It is the methodology of any career, so it should be treated as a lifelong event.

(A) the source of ideas

The slogan of Guanghua School of Management, Peking University is "Brilliant because of thoughts". On the basis of this expression, President Liu Qiao added six words "Thinking because of academics". My feelings are the same. Academics produce thoughts, and scientific research is an important source of thoughts. Looking at many successful people, they are very thoughtful. They change the world because of their thoughts and get respect because of their thoughts. Scientific research teaches us to be different (innovative). This difference allows us to find more ways to solve problems or more efficient ways to do things. Therefore, it is suggested that students take scientific research seriously and temper their thoughts with scientific research methods, which will benefit you for life. The scientific research here does not mean writing papers chivalrously, but looking at and thinking about problems with scientific research methods.

(B) affect life and work.

As a man, your attitude towards scientific research can reflect your attitude towards being a man. Those who are meticulous in academic research will also be meticulous in what others have told them, and they will be strict with their research and their own lives. They will be eager for quick success in scientific research and eager for quick success in life. Scientific research affects life and work in at least three aspects: First, the rigor of scientific research makes people more rigorous. Xu Shuying, a famous professor of management, thinks that the key to the success of paper publication lies in the rigor of the scientific research process itself. If you go through systematic scientific research and training, it can help you to be more rigorous, and rigor is a good quality, which can help you gain trust and improve the quality of work. Academician Zhong Nanshan mentioned in an interview that "when you look at a thing or do a research, you should have a factual basis and don’t jump to conclusions easily", indicating that scientific research and doing things are the same. Second, scientific research attaches importance to logic to help you speak, write or do things more logically. Whether it is logical or not is an important aspect to judge the quality of a thesis, especially for graduation thesis. In the process of instructing students to graduate thesis or giving students a defense, logic is mentioned the most. Many students have the problem that they don’t know how to lay out their essays. The whole thesis seems to be logically chaotic and doesn’t revolve around the center of the article. I think after the guidance of teachers and the training of scientific research, it will be more logical to speak and do things in the future. Third, scientific research helps to improve the level of writing and expression. There are a large number of course papers in the postgraduate stage. If you take each one seriously, the level of writing and expression will be greatly improved.A practical expert once mentioned why they want graduate students, because graduate students have at least tens of thousands of words of writing training. In fact, employers recruit graduate students instead of undergraduates. What they value is the research ability of graduate students. Graduate students have high human capital, and their future goal is to move towards management positions. Writing and expression skills are essential. If you want to start a business after graduation, scientific research will also help you. Scientific research needs to choose a good project. In order to land this good project, it is necessary to manage this project, invite like-minded collaborators, do a good job in research, and then market it. This is the same as the logic of starting a business.

(C) improve emotional intelligence

There are ups and downs in scientific research. The experience of each paper creation is actually a life story. Most of the time, it is boring and lonely. If you can stand the loneliness of scientific research, you can also achieve great things. We have written many papers, of which only a few can be published in well-known journals. Even Daniel has rejected many papers. In life, we rarely hear others accuse you of your shortcomings, unless you are very close, which makes you lose many opportunities to correct your shortcomings. When you encounter setbacks, you may be at a loss. However, scientific research is different. Many people find fault with you, especially in anonymous evaluation, and the reviewers don’t know your identity, so you don’t have to worry about your face. You may criticize the shortcomings of your paper without reservation or even "pick bones with eggs". You may not be able to stand this kind of "spite" when you first do scientific research, but after many submissions, you will develop the ability to resist setbacks. This kind of belittling criticism and facing negative opinions.

03 scientific research methodology

Since scientific research is a lifelong event, how to better handle and complete the lifelong event? When writing this article, I thought of a few points, but it is definitely not comprehensive. I hope it will help.

(A) to master the method

First of all, we need to master the technical methods of scientific research. For example, doing empirical research requires econometric knowledge and skilled statistical software operation, so we need to spend a lot of energy learning measurement and statistical software in the early stage of research; Secondly, the experience and methods of predecessors’ research. Many websites or WeChat WeChat official account will publish the research methods of well-known scholars, and the school will also invite well-known scholars or periodical editors to talk about their research methods or contribution experiences. The series "Teach you to write papers at home" invited by the graduate school is good learning materials. These materials are valuable experience accumulated by them all the year round, which can save you a lot of detours. It is recommended that students use a folder to collect the introduction of successful experiences of some well-known scholars and study hard.

(2) Find topics of interest

A classmate once asked me how to keep my enthusiasm for scientific research. My opinion is to find a topic of interest. Some students will say that I fall asleep when I look at the literature. I think the literature is vast, and there is always a field that you are interested in. When you read a literature that you are very excited and want to continue reading, delimit the topic or field of this article. This field is the topic that you can study. One of my motivations for engaging in academic research is that I can choose any topic I am interested in to study, get happiness in my research, and get some recognition at the same time. Einstein believed that the ultimate goal of science was to "improve the lives of ordinary people". I think scientific research should first make myself happy, and then take into account the pursuit of this ultimate goal.

(3) Diligence

"One minute on the stage, ten years off the stage", to become an expert in a field, it is bound to take several years of hard work, especially academic research. Many well-known scholars have paid a lot of hardships behind their brilliant publications. In fact, scientific research does not need too high IQ. As long as you are diligent enough, you can finally get a place in academic circles. In the future, academic competition will be more intense. In the early days, there were only a handful of papers published by China in top international journals, and it was great to be able to publish articles in international journals. However, with the academic development, if you don’t publish a top international journal in the future, it is estimated that it will be difficult to get recognition in the academic market.

(4) Cooperation

In scientific research, students often "fight alone", which is not conducive to academic progress. Looking up the papers published in top international journals, you will find that most of them are co-published, and there are very few articles by independent authors. Cooperation has many advantages: cooperation is an opportunity for learning, especially for students who have just started scientific research. They should look for opportunities for cooperation, cooperate with teachers or classmates, or cooperate with other well-known scholars. After cooperation, their academic level will improve; Cooperation can improve efficiency, and an empirical article takes a long time. If several people can work together, it will greatly improve the efficiency and output of scientific research. Cooperation can inspire generate, the research perspective is more unique, the research is more rigorous, everyone’s experience is different, and the way of looking at problems is different. Through discussion, new inspiration can often be inspired; Cooperation can also encourage each other and maintain enthusiasm for scientific research. It often takes several years to publish papers in international journals, and revising opinions will often make you "peel off a layer of skin". If a person is quite depressed, you can encourage each other when you have collaborators, stick to the topic of "fun" until the end, and you may be tired of it after several years of revision. At this time, it is necessary to encourage and urge the collaborators. Many students may ask, how can we cooperate when we can only stay at home during the epidemic? In fact, cooperation doesn’t have to be met. Modern technology is so developed that we can communicate by email, WeChat, etc. Several of my collaborators have never met.

That’s the end of it. I hope students will take scientific research as a lifelong event and pay attention to it. Don’t be affected by the epidemic, and their efforts will eventually pay off!

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nine

The initial intention and problem consciousness of academic research

Speaker: Cao Tangzhe

Associate Professor, School of Government Administration, Deputy Director, Department of Administration. Visiting scholar at the University of Texas at Austin (2015-2016), whose main research areas are government budget performance management and public management theory and method.

The initial intention and problem consciousness of academic research

Cao tangzhe

In the 14th century, the Black Death swept through Europe, when Newton was studying at Trinity College, Cambridge University, and spent 18 months in isolation in Woolsop’s country estate. This period became the starting point of his later research and innovation in calculus, gravity and optics.

01 the initial intention and internal skill of academic research

How can we make our academic research innovative, make contributions and move towards Excellence? Just as the road to success is only "diligence"; There is only one road to outstanding academic achievements, and that is "innovation". As Schumpeter said, "innovation" of "establishing a new production function" is the soul of market economy. Then the academic "innovation" that contributes to the marginal improvement of human knowledge is the soul of academic research and the "initial heart" of academic research.

If we say that there are eighteen internal mental methods for the eighteen palms of the dragon, there are not so many internal mental methods for academic research, and there are three types: one is to ask questions; The second is to use scientific methods to solve problems. The third is to condense knowledge into theory; Today, we will talk about one of the internal psychological methods of academic research and ask questions.

02 the starting point of ronald coase’s "deification"

Let’s first look at how a sophomore can use this "three styles". This sophomore was born in 1910 in Willesden, a suburb of London, England, with ronald coase. When he was a sophomore, he raised an interesting question. The exploration and solution of this question became the "initial heart" and starting point for him to win the Nobel Prize in his later years and "worship the gods" as the father of new institutional economics.

Ronald coase’s The Nature of Enterprises, written when he was 27 years old (1937), is recognized as the foundation work of new institutional economics. So how did Coase form the analytical paradigm of new institutional economics in this paper, thus expanding the scope of traditional economics on the basis of inheriting the analytical methods of traditional economics?

1. the question is raised. Coase was a sophomore at the London School of Economics in 1931. At the age of 21, he attended a seminar in Pratt, from which Coase learned some basic contents of price theory. His core view is that the "invisible hand", that is, the market price mechanism organizes and regulates production, is the only and most efficient way to allocate resources. However, in reality, Coase found that there is also a way of organizing resources to produce in the market. Although enterprises are active in the market, their internal organization, management and production activities do not need market price mechanism. In addition, economists in the Soviet Union at that time thought that the Soviet Union could run like a huge factory. The contradiction between the theoretical background and the actual phenomenon urges Coase to think about such a question: since the traditional view holds that the market price mechanism is the most effective and only way to allocate resources, why do enterprises exist? Why do enterprises replace the price mechanism? How to determine the scope of enterprise alternative price mechanism?

So how did Coase demonstrate it concretely? ……

The new institutional economics is widely used in public management. Interested students can read The Nature of Enterprises, which will certainly inspire them.

Scientific research begins with problems and ends with problems.

Everything is difficult at the beginning. What is the starting point of academic research? Einstein also pointed out: "It is often more important to ask a question than to solve it. Because solving problems may be just a mathematical or experimental skill, it requires creative imagination to put forward new problems, new possibilities and look at old problems from a new perspective, and it marks the real progress of science. "

In academic research, almost every academic theory is put forward and developed from a specific problem. For example, "Making Democracy Work" written by Italian political scientist Robert D. Putnam starts with the question of whether the regional system determines political practice, and goes further into why there are differences in system performance. Why are there differences in the public spirit of citizen communities? Why are the differences in historical decisions stable? And so on, completed this book on the theoretical origin of social capital.

Ways to doubt and ask questions in an orderly way

K. R. Merton, a famous historian and sociologist of science in the 20th century, thinks that "organized scepticism" is an important temperament of modern science. How to doubt in an organized way? I summed up a few things to communicate with you.

(A) ask questions from the gap between theory and experience.

The so-called "experience" is the phenomenon and fact that we can observe and test. When new experience conflicts with existing theories, and existing theories cannot explain the new reality, problems arise. After raising this kind of question, we need to revise the existing theory or give a new theoretical explanation to the new experience, so as to put forward a new theory. In natural science, there are many cases that ask questions because of the contradiction between new experience and old theory. For example, the discovery of photoelectric effect led to Einstein’s "light quantum" hypothesis in 1905. In social science research, including public management, it is also common to ask questions from the conflict between experience and theory. As mentioned earlier, Coase’s book The Nature of Enterprises is an example.

Asking questions from the gap between theory and reality is an important way to localize western theory. By finding out the contradiction between western theory and China’s reality and seeking a new explanation, it provides an opportunity to build a theoretical academic discourse system with China characteristics, China style and China style. Lin Yifu’s papers such as "Self-growth Ability, Economic Transformation and Reflection on Neoclassical Economics" are based on many western frontier theories. Why can’t he predict and explain the predicament brought by the implementation of "shock therapy", and why can’t he be optimistic about China’s economic transformation? Based on this problem, the theory of autogenous ability is constructed.

(B) ask questions from the gap between subjective needs and reality.

Subjective demand is the goal that individuals, organizations and society hope to achieve and achieve. When there is a gap between the subjective demand and the actual situation, problems arise. In the research of public management, the proposal of new public administration, new public management and the whole government can all be regarded as a system and tool design to meet specific management needs. The analytical method and development of Ostrom system is a typical example of this approach. In The Governance of Public Affairs: The Evolution of Collective Action System, she found through literature review that neither privatization nor government control can solve the problem of public pond resources well, and "the problem of how to best manage the natural resources shared by many individuals has not been well solved in the academic hall or in the political world". What is the collective action of the best governance of public pond resources? Ostrom used the system analysis method of real scene and the "second generation rational choice model" as the research framework to analyze more than 5,000 transnational public pond resources. The description and analysis found that "the framework of autonomous governance system with the best governance of natural resources shared by many individuals". That is to say, "essential elements or conditions are found, which help to explain the reasons for the success of these systems in maintaining public pond resources and ensuring that occupiers abide by the rules used from generation to generation."

(C) Problems arising from seeking the connection between empirical facts and making a unified explanation.

Seeking the relationship between empirical facts and making a unified explanation is the most basic way to ask scientific questions and construct theories. This approach requires scientific research to pursue the universality of theory and the simplicity of logic as much as possible. Examples of such questions abound in natural science, such as the discovery of the periodic law of elements. In the field of public management, it is also a way to ask questions in the development of public management to seek a unified explanation of phenomena in a certain range, then gradually expand the scope and seek a unified understanding and explanation in a wider range. For example, the discussion of the "big problem" of public management is an effort to seek a unified explanation of public management theory.

(D) to ask questions from the contradictions within the theoretical system.

A theory or concept, if logical contradiction can be deduced from it, shows that there are problems that need further discussion. Contradictions within the theoretical system have many manifestations, including: contradictions between the premises and assumptions of the theoretical system, contradictions between the theoretical contents of the theoretical system, contradictions between theoretical inferences and so on.

In the research of public management, Herbert Simon, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his background in management, put forward the management decision-making theory from the paradox of "management range and management span" in the traditional public administration motto in Administrative Motto.

(5) Asking questions from different theories and assumptions that compete with each other or even contradict each other.

In the process of scientific research, people often put forward different theories and assumptions for the same problem. If there are competing theoretical hypotheses about the same objective phenomenon, then this is an opportunity to ask questions and promote scientific development. For example, the contradiction between the laws of thermodynamics in the field of physics and the theory of biological evolution has promoted the development of system science and led to the establishment of Prigogine’s dissipative structure theory. In social science and public management research, this is also a frequently used way to ask questions. For example, in Capitalism and the 21st Century, Huang Renyu put forward his own view of "great history" and the theory of managing capitalism by numbers, starting with the theoretical debate between different schools of thought on what capitalism really is.

(six) from the concept, theory and method of a subject to other fields.

Learning from each other among discipline concepts, theories and methods forms new research fields and approaches, which is an important way to raise research questions and develop scientific theories. For example, an American columnist commented on Qian Xuesen’s "Engineering Cybernetics": "Engineers focus on practice and solve specific problems, and are not good at rising to the theoretical level; Mathematicians are good at theoretical analysis, but not at solving practical problems from general to individual. Qian Xuesen, on the other hand, concentrated on two advantages, skillfully loaded two wheels on a chariot, and rolled out a new way of engineering cybernetics research … "

Pass to ask questions: a literature review

If you want to make valuable research instead of "inventing the wheel a hundred times", you must read the professional frontier literature and make a literature review. Find out the top ten journals in this field, as basic magazines, and keep tracking for a period of time, and you will definitely find problems and corresponding research directions. For example, we can focus on the five core areas of public management for English periodicals of public management discipline. That is, public administration (PA), public policy (PP), public budget and finance (PB&F), public personnel administration (PPA) and public organization study (POS). Find out the top ten journals in these five core areas and carry out follow-up reading, such as: Administration & Society, American Review of Public Administration, Canadian Public Administration and Evaluation Review.(Evaluation Review), Financial Accountability and Management, Human Relations, International Journal of Public Administration, Journal of Management Studies, etc.

Let’s get back to the present:

When you are confused about code words, running data and modifying models, have you ever returned to the "initial heart" of academic research and asked yourself: What questions have you raised and what contribution have you made to the marginal improvement of knowledge?

When you are preparing the topic, does the relationship between the change of public opinion in COVID-19 and the setting of government agenda conform to the hypothesis of discontinuous equilibrium theory? Is it a problem that can be studied? …….

Problems are the beginning of research, and finding them often takes up more than 50% of our research time. As for how to solve the problem? How to condense the solved problems into propositions, assumptions and theories to form the expansion of knowledge? Those are the other two methods of academic research. That’s all for this time.

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WeChat official account, the graduate school of finance, launched it.

"Teach you how to stay at home and engage in academics" column

To be continued!

Welcome to continue to pay attention

"Central University of Finance and Economics Graduate School" WeChat WeChat official account

This unforgettable semester

Teachers put down the chalk.

Exerting "Eighteen Martial Arts" in Micro-course

Whether online or offline.

No matter how or where.

The classroom is always cufer’s DreamWorks.

Special period, forging special you.

Try harder.

Put your mobile phone where you can’t reach it.

Winter goes and spring comes, engaging in scientific research.

It’s a good time to accumulate wealth and thin hair.

Source: School of Economics, Graduate School

Planning: the National Day contains Run Lin.

Original title: "Dry goods! These online micro-courses can teach you to be academic at home! 》

　　Summer has come in Fuzhou. With the temperature rising and catching up with the rainy season, mosquitoes are becoming more and more rampant. May-November is the epidemic season of dengue fever in China every year, so we should always be vigilant. Dengue fever can be prevented and controlled, and the key lies in prevention. So what is dengue fever? Let’s get to know it together ~

01

dengue

　　Dengue fever (DF) is an acute insect-borne infectious disease caused by dengue virus. It is also called "bone fracture fever" because of its severe pain, and it belongs to Class B legal infectious disease in China. The high incidence season of dengue fever is summer and autumn, which generally increases gradually from May, and the peak period is from August to October. The incubation period is 3-15 days, usually 5-8 days, and the whole population is generally susceptible.

Dengue fever does not spread from person to person!

　　Dengue virus is mainly transmitted to humans through the bite of female Aedes aegypti (mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) carrying the virus, and generally does not spread directly from person to person. The perennial monitoring found that there was a vector of dengue fever in Fuzhou — — Aedes albopictus

02

clinical symptoms

　　[Sudden high fever] The body temperature rises to 39℃ ~ 40℃ within a day or two, and it often lasts for a week.

　　【 "Body Pain 】 I feel headache, eye socket pain, muscle joint and bone pain, and the whole person feels very tired.

　　["Redness"] The skin on the face, neck, chest and limbs is red, which seems to be "drunk", and even conjunctival congestion and superficial lymphadenopathy appear.

　　★ The incubation period of dengue fever is generally 3 ~ 15 days, and most of them are 5 ~ 8 days. Patients and recessive infected people are the main sources of infection. Patients are contagious from 1 day before onset to 5 days after onset.

　　★ After some people are infected with dengue virus, the virus exists in the blood but does not get sick, that is, recessive infection, but it can also transmit the virus to others through Aedes mosquitoes.

Special reminder

　　The symptoms of dengue fever are similar to those of colds and flu. Pay attention to the following three differences:

　　1. The fever caused by dengue fever is generally "high fever", and the body temperature can often reach 39℃ or even 40℃.

　　2. In addition to fever, patients with dengue fever are often accompanied by bone pain, headache, muscle pain, rash, bleeding spots, and some patients may also have gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and stomachache.

　　Besides fever, the symptoms caused by cold are often accompanied by symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and cough.

　　If you have a history of living abroad or have fever or rash after returning to Rongrong in areas with epidemic situation in China, please be sure to go to a medical institution with a fever clinic (consultation room) as soon as possible, and actively inform the medical staff of mosquito bites or the history of living abroad in the past two weeks, and never take medicine by yourself or see a doctor in a small clinic.

03

What should I do if I am infected with dengue fever?

　　If you are accidentally infected with dengue virus, don’t be too alarmed. Dengue fever patients generally have a good prognosis, and can basically recover after timely treatment, but there are also reports of a few serious cases of death, so please take scientific precautions. Dengue fever patients should pay attention to the following points:

　　Pay attention to rest.

　　Use acetaminophen (such as paracetamol) to treat pain, and avoid using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen and aspirin).

　　When staying at home or in hospital, do a good job in mosquito isolation, including using mosquito nets and screen doors, wearing long-sleeved clothes, spraying mosquito repellent and other measures to reduce unnecessary outdoor activities.

　　If you find any serious symptoms, please contact a doctor as soon as possible!

　　The mortality rate of typical dengue fever is less than 1%, but if it is not treated in time, it will become severe and the mortality rate will exceed 20%.

　　Therefore, no matter the severity of the illness, seek medical advice in time! Seek medical attention in time! Seek medical attention in time! Is the best way to deal with it

04

How to prevent dengue fever?

　　At present, there is no approved and registered vaccine for dengue fever, and there is no specific antiviral drug. Mosquito control is the key to prevent dengue fever.

　　(1) Environmental governance

　　Clean up all kinds of stagnant water at home. Water bottles should be changed for aquatic plants every 5-7 days, and no stagnant water should be left on the flowerpot chassis. The terrace outside the building, outdoor potholes, tree holes, bamboo tubes and other accumulated water, should be regularly dredged, leveled and filled with potholes, rummaged pots and cans, and cleaned up waste tires and other measures. For stagnant water that cannot be removed for a long time, a corrosion inhibitor can be put in to kill larvae.

　　(2) Physical prevention and control

　　Use light, sound, electricity and other physical methods to kill, trap or drive away mosquitoes, such as optical traps and electric mosquito swatter.

　　(3) Chemical control

　　Use mosquito-repellent incense, repellent, aerosol insecticide and other commonly used chemicals to kill and repel mosquitoes.

　　(4) Biological control

　　Ornamental fish are stocked in ponds and lotus tanks, carp and grass carp are stocked in paddy fields and irrigation ditches, and mosquito larvae are eliminated by stocking fish.

　　(5) Personal protection

　　During the epidemic season in dengue endemic areas, screen doors and screens should be installed indoors, and mosquito nets should be used when sleeping. Try to minimize going out during the peak hours of mosquito activities. When going out, such as going to parks, green belts and other places, you should wear long-sleeved clothes and trousers, and apply mosquito repellent drugs to exposed skin and clothes. You should also avoid staying too long in places with more outdoor mosquitoes such as shade, grass and gazebo. Avoid traveling to Southeast Asia, Africa, America and other regions during the period of high incidence of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

Nowadays, "the dispute of Chinese etiquette" has become a technical term. Whether it refers to the dispute between the East and the West in a narrow sense (1583-1742) or a series of historical facts that have almost run through the whole communication between China and the West since the Ming and Qing Dynasties in a broad sense, the "Chinese etiquette dispute" can be called a major event in the long history of cultural exchanges between China and the West. It is of great significance to the comparison, dialogue and communication between different civilizations in the world today, and its importance is beyond doubt.

On May 11, 2019, the first international workshop on the frontier research of "Chinese Etiquette Debate and Nakanishi Rei Studies" was held in the Convention Center of Shanghai Normal University. With the innovative way of "interdisciplinary dialogue and parallel research", the workshop gathered more than 30 experts and scholars at home and abroad to explore and expand the way of communication and dialogue between China and foreign countries.

The first international workshop on the frontier research of "China’s Etiquette Debate and Nakanishi Rei Studies" brought together more than 30 domestic and foreign experts and scholars from Fudan University, Wuhan University, Central South University, Institute of World Religions of China Academy of Social Sciences, South China Normal University, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Vassar University in the United States and other Chinese and foreign universities and research institutes. The workshop was jointly sponsored by Shanghai Comparative Literature Research Association, Li Xu Wenming Dialogue Research Center of Fudan University and China Language and Literature Innovation Team of Shanghai Normal University, and was specifically undertaken by the editorial department of Comparative Literature and World Literature, the national key discipline of Shanghai Normal University.

The opening ceremony of the workshop was presided over by Associate Professor Ji Jianxun, majoring in comparative literature and world literature in Shanghai Normal University.

Professor Cha Tsinghua, Dean of School of Humanities and Communication, Shanghai Normal University, and Professor Liu Yunhua, Head of Comparative Literature and World Literature, delivered speeches respectively. Dean Cha first warmly welcomed many experts and scholars from home and abroad, and then introduced the characteristics of Shanghai Normal University’s comparative literature and world literature from three aspects: continuity of development, interdisciplinary and cross-cultural education, and the fine tradition of paying equal attention to academic research and personnel training, and put forward valuable suggestions for the future of disciplines, which should not only seize opportunities, but also continue to improve modestly and cautiously. Professor Liu Yunhua further pointed out that the purpose of the discipline is to create a relaxed, pleasant and truth-exploring academic environment, and placed deep expectations on the future development of young scholars. At the same time, Liu Jiaoshou announced that he would take this meeting as an opportunity to prepare for the establishment of the "Interdisciplinary Dialogue and Parallel Research Center" of Shanghai Normal University.

The conference consisted of a keynote speech in the morning and two parallel workshops in the afternoon. Under the unified theme of "Chinese Etiquette Debate and Nakanishi Rei Studies", 21 lectures were given, which cleared up many problems and promoted the academic understanding and research of "Chinese Etiquette Debate" from various angles and fields.

Li Tiangang: "Debate on Chinese Etiquette" —— Research Method and Its Expansion

The keynote speech in the morning is divided into two halves. The keynote speech in the first half was hosted by Yuan Zhaohui, a researcher at the Institute of World Religions of China Academy of Social Sciences. Professor Li Tiangang of Fudan University, with the title of "Debate on Chinese Etiquette: Research Methods and Its Expansion", discussed four issues. The first one was about "Debate on Chinese Etiquette", and he emphasized that not only western documents but also Chinese Manchu and other oriental documents should be cited in the research methods and its expansion. On the second hand, he pointed out that the "Chinese etiquette dispute" is nominally about "ceremony" and in essence involves concepts, namely God and God, soul and Anima. In the third aspect, he said that the in-depth discussion of the "Chinese etiquette dispute" depends on the continuous advancement of the research paradigm, and in the process, we should open our minds to new knowledge; Finally, taking his new work Kanazawa as an example, he introduced his research in the context of the history of thought, mainly considering what is religion and what is folk belief, and the close relationship between religion and belief and the daily life of ordinary people.

Liu Yunhua: What is the relationship between European Enlightenment and China culture?

Professor Liu Yunhua of Shanghai Normal University gave a lecture entitled "What is the correlation between European enlightenment and China culture? First of all, taking Leibniz as a case, he analyzed and pointed out that although Leibniz had contact with China culture through missionaries, he explained the Confucian "reason" with his deistic view, rather than being influenced by it to achieve ideological transformation. Furthermore, he pointed out that the influence can be divided into implanted and confirmed. When talking about the enlightenment’s understanding of western core concepts such as freedom, equality and democracy, China culture has no implanted influence on the west, but only confirmed influence in the process of collision. Finally, he reconsidered the position of "science and technology" in the history of thought, and pointed out that most thinkers in China in the late Ming Dynasty were always confined to political correctness and could not seek truth from facts, and their understanding of western science and technology was really limited.

Mingde Wei: How to read China’s classics? From the perspective of "Nakanishi Rei studies"

The keynote speech in the second half was hosted by Ivan Ruviditch, director of the International Drama Studio of Shanghai Normal University and associate professor of comparative literature and world literature. Professor Mingde Wei of Fudan University’s report "How to Read China Classics? From the perspective of "Nakanishi Rei Studies", he thinks that "Jing" has the same meaning as the western Textus, and it is woven intentionally, so it must have a structure, so we can observe the Patterns in the structure in turn, that is, the structural Patterns and layout. On this basis, he specifically analyzes the patterns in various types such as structural rhetoric according to historical traditions. It also points out that when we contact the text, we need to regard the whole text as a style of existence and writing. And we should learn to understand a classic and put all these factors into its definite rhetorical structure, just to produce what the work itself contains in those who are ready to read it and endure its obscurity.

Song Lihua: The Encounter between the East and the West —— Guo Shi’s Hunting China in Chinese Novels

Professor Song Lihua of Shanghai Normal University made an in-depth study of Guo Shili’s works with the theme of "Encounter between the East and the West: China in Guo Shili’s Chinese Novels". By analyzing the image of China in his Chinese novels, he pointed out that although Guo Shili took Europe, especially Britain, as the frame of reference in describing China, China was excluded from the mainstream of European scientific, artistic and commercial development and became the object that needed European attention and even rescue. However, his words about China’s national character should not be simply regarded as a distortion of the facts, but should be understood as a historical event that really happened, because it once truly shaped the history and relationship between China and the West.

Zhang Yaonan: From "Debate on Etiquette in China" to Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe —— A Preliminary Study on "Debate on Etiquette" in the History of Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe

Professor Zhang Yaonan of Beihang University gave a report entitled "From the Debate on Etiquette in China to Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe —— A Preliminary Study on the Debate on Etiquette in the History of Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe". He pointed out that "Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe" refers to the comparative study between Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy. Looking at its history from Han and Wei dynasties to the present, it has experienced or will experience six periods. As the fourth phase of comparative philosophy between China and Europe, the debate on Chinese etiquette can be observed in six steps, and further summarized from a philosophical perspective, that is, "the debate on Chinese etiquette" and the "Enlightenment Movement" in western Europe are the same movement, and the themes debated are orthodox and heresy, atheism and deity, polytheism and monotheism, rationality and belief, wisdom and superstition, and self-reliance and self-reliance. It also emphasizes that the summary of Hegel’s "China’s Backwardness Theory" and "Historical Progress Theory" is not in line with the reality of Chinese studies and cannot be established.

On behalf of the National Day: the first voice of the debate on etiquette in China

The first half of the workshop was presided over by Wang Lingling, editor of Journal of Beijing Administration College. Professor Guo Qing on behalf of South China Normal University gave a report entitled "The Preamble of Chinese Etiquette Debate". He took the analysis of sacrificial rites from the perspective of Gao Muxian’s interaction with Chinese and Western Confucian classics as an example, and pointed out that in the recent history of cultural exchange between China and the West, Dominicans, as one of them, have always shown themselves as opponents of Chinese etiquette, highlighting their historical image different from Jesuits’ "adaptation strategy". In fact, it’s not that Dominicans didn’t reconcile Yeru. As early as when he preached in the Philippines, Gao Muxian focused on building a dialogue bridge between Thomas theology and Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism, and applied it to the field of sacrifice. Gao Muxian’s comments on China’s sacrificial ceremony constitute the target of Domingo’s understanding of Chinese etiquette.

Wang Ding ‘an: The Separation of Chinese and Western Sacrifices and the Re-development of Comparative Confucian Classics during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Associate Professor Wang Ding ‘an of Zhejiang University of Technology is entitled "The Separation of Chinese and Western Sacrifice Rites and the Re-development of Comparative Confucian Classics". He believes that the topic of "whether Mass is a sacrifice or not" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was being staged fiercely in Europe at the same time, but it was not fully developed in China because of suppression. Now we re-examine the problems, beneficial experiences and the possibility of re-launching Comparative Confucian Classics with Aquinas’ sacrificial theology, which unifies "object" and "way". We can find that the difference between "being" and "being like being" presented by the sacrificial object is nothing more than a concrete manifestation of the relationship between God and man; The "way" of offering sacrifices to both Ye and Confucianism shows obvious sacredness.

Xiao Qinghe: Breaking away from the mundane and becoming a saint —— The Catholic narrative about saint in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties

Xiao Qinghe, an associate professor at Shanghai University, gave a report entitled "Going from the mundane to the holy: the Catholic narrative about the holy in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties". By analyzing the evolution of the meaning of the word "holy" and related terms, he clearly showed the process of cultural exchange, conflict and integration between China and the West. He pointed out that the missionary equated Sanctus with "Saint", which not only changed the meaning of Chinese character "Saint" and enriched the content of "Saint" since Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also changed the understanding of Sanctus in European Christian tradition, and the thoughts and spiritual worlds of both sides were blended and changed.

Ji Jianxun: The Origin of the Debate on Chinese Etiquette and the Relationship between Chinese and Western Learning Systems

Associate Professor Ji Jianxun of Shanghai Normal University, starting from The Origin of the Debate on Etiquette in China and the Relationship between Chinese and Western Learning Systems, emphasized that the "Debate on Etiquette" should not be a problem only related to the West or the East, and the new understanding should put it back in the historical coordinates of Sino-foreign exchanges, and the key to solving it lies in identifying the origin of the debate and clarifying the Chinese and Western learning systems behind the conflict. Confronting the problem of "etiquette dispute" and the "two-way" between culture, education and religion in China society revealed from it can help us better understand the two different cultures of China and the West and oppose the "clash of civilizations".

Yang Huiling: A New Probe into the Anti-ancestor Worship Thought in the Debate between Chinese and Western Etiquette in Qing Dynasty

The second half of the first group of the workshop was presided over by researcher Yuan Zhaohui from the Institute of World Religions of China Academy of Social Sciences. Yang Huiling, a researcher at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Comparative Civilization and Humanities Exchange of Beijing Foreign Studies University, took the topic "A New Probe into the Thought of Anti-ancestor Worship in the Debate between Chinese and Western Etiquette in Qing Dynasty" as an example, and studied his understanding and reinterpretation of China culture from the standpoint of Christianity by analyzing Li Yufan, a representative figure who opposed Chinese etiquette in the Debate of Chinese Etiquette in the Vatican Library. He found that he was equally familiar with it even if he held a position and viewpoint against China’s "ancestor worship" culture. Therefore, in the process of cultural exchange between China and the West in history, both sides of the exchange have the process of understanding each other and absorbing each other, rejecting and abandoning, seeing differences in the same, and seeking common ground while reserving differences and integrating and innovating.

Gao Shengbing: Matteo Ricci’s Cultural Identity and Its Translation Strategies and Effects

Associate Professor Gao Shengbing of Anhui University of Science and Technology gave a report on Matteo Ricci’s Cultural Identity and its Translation Strategies and Effects. He analyzed Matteo Ricci’s choice of "God", "Soul" and "Diligene/Caritas" (to love/. The cultural identity of "Western Confucianism" makes Matteo Ricci compare or choose Confucian concepts or words in his discourse, and the cultural identity of Catholic missionaries makes Matteo Ricci choose foreignization in concept translation. As the "other" of China culture, the translated words he chose can be widely accepted, which deserves our consideration.

Jian Wu: "Individualization" and "Cultivation" —— A Comparison between Jung’s Analytical Psychology and Taoist Inner alchemy

Jian Wu, a teacher of Jiaxing University, took "Individualization" and "Cultivation": A Comparison between Jung’s Analytical Psychology and Taoism’s Inner alchemy as the topic, and through the interpretation of the most concentrated and important commentary text of Jung on Taoism’s Inner alchemy, distinguished the fundamental difference between Jung’s psychology and Taoism’s Inner alchemy, and Jung’s misunderstanding of "The Purpose of Taiyi Jinhua". He pointed out that Jung’s psychology and Taoism’s inner alchemy are ideographic codes of two discourse systems, which represent two sets of thinking paths, and their speech objects are both internal experiences, so their differences are actually greater than their similarities. If we say that Jung adopted the method of "Geyi", it may not be an exaggeration to take me as the main analytical psychology when interpreting the Purpose of Taiyi Jinhua (including the Classic of Wisdom and Life) for his own analytical psychology.

Tan Jie: Words and deeds attest to Taoism —— Characters and moral education in "stories of testifying to Taoism" in the late Ming Dynasty

Associate Professor Tan Jie of Central South University’s report is "Words and deeds attest to the truth: the characters and moral education in the story of testifying to the truth in the late Ming Dynasty". By tracing back to the ethical tradition of the Renaissance, he placed the story of testifying to the truth in the Chinese translation in the late Ming Dynasty in the humanistic ethical tradition of the Renaissance. Through the analysis of two typical characters, "King Philip" and "Bi Da Lie La", he investigated its transmission by quoting the words and deeds of western sages.

Jia Weizhou: Confucianism-Confucianism in the Dialogue between Ye and Confucianism in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

The first half of the second group of the workshop was presided over by Dr. LIM Hyebin, a teacher majoring in comparative literature and world literature at Shanghai Normal University. Associate Professor Jia Weizhou of Guangdong University of Finance and Economics is entitled "Confucianism-Confucianism in the Dialogue between Confucianism and Confucianism in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties", trying to return to the historical text and the specific context in which the problems occurred, so as to understand the reasons why the religious interpretation of Confucianism occurred in the dialogue between Confucianism and Confucianism in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the starting point of different views, the methodology of hermeneutics and the results of the debate. This understanding will provide specific historical enlightenment to the discussion of religious interpretation of contemporary Confucianism. At the same time, the western Confucianism-Confucian view can reflect the attitude towards the whole culture of China, and we can also see the historical formation path of the western China view and China’s western view.

Jiang Xiaojuan: An Islamic Chinese Translator Influenced by the Debate of Catholic Etiquette

Dr. Jiang Xiaojuan of Fudan University’s report is "Islamic Chinese Translators under the Influence of Catholic Etiquette Debate". She started with the stimulation brought to Islamic scholars by a series of activities of Jesuit missionaries entering China, emphasizing that while they were hit hard, the Jesuits’ writing and speaking activities also inspired Islamic scholars, stimulating them to promote the localization of Islam in the same way, and a number of Islamic Chinese translators headed by Wang Daiyu emerged. They advocated the further development of Islam in China by interpreting Confucianism and explaining the similarities between Islam and Confucianism, which contributed to the further China of Islam.

Li Qiang: Christians in China and the Modern Evolution of the "Etiquette Debate" in the Early Qing Dynasty —— Focusing on the manuscripts in Xujiahui Library

Li Qiang, a doctor from Shanghai University, took the modern evolution of the text "The Debate on Etiquette between Christians in China and the Early Qing Dynasty" as a topic-focusing on the manuscripts collected in Xujiahui Library. In his report, he systematically combed the modern evolution of "The Debate on Etiquette" as a product, so as to illustrate the historical inevitability of modern Catholicism releasing the bondage of "The Debate on Etiquette" to Christians in China.

Wang Hongchao: Religion, Politics and Culture —— A Study of Yi-ology of Suoyin School and Missionaries in China

Associate Professor Wang Hongchao of Shanghai Normal University is entitled "Religion, Politics and Culture: A Study on the Yi-ology of Suoyin School and Missionaries in China". He pointed out that the study of Zhouyi by missionaries in China was deeply rooted in the biblical interpretation through the example that China Suoyin School founded by Bai Jin hoped to find the information of ancient China’s GOD from the Book of Changes and Jacob’s interpretation of "God" in the Book of Changes and other classics in the late Qing Dynasty.

Wang Niecai: Revelation or Reason? Two Opposing Interpretations of the Confucian Classics during the Rites Controversy

The second half of the second group of the workshop was presided over by Professor Du Wenwei, President of North American Oral and Performing Literature Research Association, Professor of Vassar University in the United States and researcher of China Opera Academy. Associate Professor Wang Niecai of Zhaoqing University took the book Revelation or Reason? Two opposing interpretations of the Confucian classics during the Rites Contraversy, this paper first introduces two different interpretations of the Four Books in the West, that is, the Franciscan Lian Dang (1602-1669) and the seal of Confucianism (1664) adopted an allegorical method to interpret the true meaning of China classics as the revelation of Christianity, while rejecting the traditional Confucian classics. And the Jesuits adopted the rationalism method in The Four Books of Western Languages (1687) to coordinate the western rationalism with Confucianism. Through the parallel comparison of the two concepts, it is very intuitive to show how these two explanations are rooted in different theological traditions, which leads to the two sides taking opposite positions in Chinese etiquette disputes.

Wu Rui: A Textual Research on the Origin of Oriental Etiquette in Shakespeare’s Plays

Wu Rui, a researcher at Shanghai Theatre Academy, gave a report on the Origin and Development of Oriental Etiquette in Shakespeare’s Plays. He pointed out that Shakespeare’s works involved a lot of oriental content and oriental protagonists, such as Cleopatra, Othello, and Shylock. According to textual research, the main drama conflicts in Romeo and Juliet also came from the legends of two rival families in the East. By exploring the origins of oriental rituals in Shakespeare’s plays, we can provide a path for the orientalization of Shakespeare’s plays.

Wang Qiyuan: Xu Guangqi’s Legacy in Shanghai and Its Contemporary Significance

In the report entitled "Xu Guangqi’s Legacy in Shanghai and Its Contemporary Significance", Wang Qiyuan, an associate researcher at Fudan University’s Chinese Ancient Books Protection Institute, thinks that, as a first-rate figure who walked out of Shanghai in modern national history, if these places in Shanghai related to Xu Guangqi can’t be fully studied and developed, it is indeed a slight violation of the actions of the sages. Therefore, he made an in-depth investigation of Xu Guangqi’s legacy in Shanghai through the publication of a large number of local documents such as the "Shanghai Fu County Old Records Series" compiled by Shanghai Local Records Office and Tongzhi Museum.

Du Wenwei: On the Mutual Influence of Eastern and Western Cultures from the 90-year History of The Story of Grey Lan

Professor Du Wenwei, with the theme of "Looking at the Interaction between Eastern and Western Cultures from the 90-year History of Grey Lan Ji", systematically combed the spread and evolution process of Yuan zaju "Grey Lan Ji", and concentrated on analyzing the theme changes of "Grey Lan Ji" through various stage adaptations. He pointed out that the spreading history and the changing process of the theme reflected the mutual influence between the themes of eastern and western cultures and drama theory, and in this long-term mutual influence process, The Story of the Grey Lanji not only became a historical drama that was performed circularly on the eastern and western stages, but also spawned some modern dramas.

The results of this workshop are quite fruitful, and the teachers and students attending the workshop have had a heated discussion, which has made a great breakthrough in the paradigm and content of promoting the study of "Chinese etiquette dispute". I believe that there will be significant progress in the near future, and a brand-new and in-depth "Nakanishi Rei study" is taking shape. In December 2018, the Center for Comparative Literature and World Literature, a national key discipline of Shanghai Normal University, held the first forum of "Interdisciplinary Dialogue and Parallel Research", which aroused widespread concern in academic circles. On the basis of the first forum, this workshop is another academic grand meeting with the innovative mode of "interdisciplinary dialogue and parallel research", thus further contributing to the construction of the first-class discipline of China Language and Literature in Shanghai Normal University and making new contributions to the academic innovation of humanities in China.

In terms of research paradigm, scholars’ research shows that the academic discussion on "Chinese etiquette dispute" is starting from the field of history and turning into the fields of literature, philosophy, culturology and religion, showing a trend of multi-paradigm transformation; In terms of research content, the series of results of this workshop also show that the series of debates between Chinese and Western civilizations are ostensibly centered around "Chinese and Western etiquette", which is behind the differences and dislocation of the core concepts of the two heterogeneous civilizations, namely "keywords". These studies can be done from point to area, with a clear sense of problems, and provide important reference for the current in-depth exchanges and dialogues between China and foreign countries.

CCTV News:At this year’s two sessions, delegates and members from various fields brought a lot of new news. Dong Baotong, deputy to the National People’s Congress and deputy director of the National Atomic Energy Agency, said that China has mastered the fourth generation of advanced nuclear power technology, and its first demonstration project — — The world’s first pebble bed modular high temperature gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant has been connected to the grid for power generation.

The fourth generation nuclear power technology independently developed by China — — High-temperature gas-cooled reactor, the localization rate of equipment is as high as 93.4%, and the first demonstration project has been completed for grid-connected power generation. The heat generated by high-temperature gas-cooled reactor can meet most of the heat source requirements in ethanol purification, petrochemical industry, hydrogen production and other fields.

Dong Baotong, NPC deputy:The biggest advantage of high temperature reactor is actually its inherent safety, and it doesn’t need a big factory building and a thick containment like other nuclear reactors. At the same time, it has also promoted the whole industrial chain (development), and it can be expanded with the application in the future.

At the same time, China’s independent research and development of three generations of nuclear power technology — — The construction of Hualong No.1 unit is also progressing steadily. At present, there are four units connected to the grid at home and abroad, which have been recognized by users.

In addition to power generation, nuclear energy technology will gradually be applied to major projects in the aerospace field to provide power support for spacecraft carrying out deep space exploration missions.

Dong Baotong, NPC deputy:We "the Goddess Chang’e flying to the moon", we can use solar energy, because it is still in the solar system, now including going to Mars, and solar energy can also play a role. But if our future spacecraft or probes go into deep space and there is no solar energy, nuclear energy becomes almost the only choice.

Language is an important tool for human beings to express their communication and thinking. Language reflects people’s thoughts, and people use language to communicate, express and create. The daily language used by human beings is called natural language, which includes vocabulary, pronunciation, semantics and grammar. The language used for machine programming is called computer language, which consists of numbers, characters and grammatical rules. Human natural languages are in different languages and belong to different language families, and computer languages are also divided into various categories according to different writing rules. Language intelligence, the ability of people to communicate and think in writing through language dialogue, is regarded as an aspect of human intelligence. In contrast, a machine (computer) has the ability to recognize computer language, run programs and perform operations, and computer language can be regarded as a language inherent in the machine. If the computer can understand the natural language as a "foreign language", realize the translation of natural language, understand and execute people’s commands, and even talk to people, can it be considered that the computer has language intelligence similar to that of people? This paper will answer this question.

Definition of natural language and computer language

The language used in human daily life is called natural language. Humans use language to express ideas, communicate and describe objects. As a carrier, language carries the connotation of words. Many languages of human beings belong to different language families, but languages can correspond and translate with each other. Every language is a system including vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, in which vocabulary is used to express itself according to grammatical rules. As the philosopher and linguist Chomsky said in Language and Mind, "People who know a certain language have mastered a set of rules system, which assigns sounds and meanings to countless possible sentences in a certain way." However, individuals who use natural language may not be aware of the rules and connotations of this language system: "People who know the language are not aware that they have mastered these rules or are using them, and there is no reason to assume that this knowledge of language rules can be brought into consciousness."

The acquisition of natural language is based on life and social interaction. The process for children to master a language is to get in touch with words and sentences through a large number of dialogues, acquire sentence models in conversations and chats, and then master grammar. It can be seen that the learning of natural language is from semantics to grammar. Therefore, some scholars discuss language acquisition from the standpoint of human language talent theory. For example, Chomsky thinks that there is a natural universal grammar in the human brain, which exists in a place called language acquisition device. He tried to explain the relationship between language research and human nature, and thought that language reflected the process of human mind and determined all aspects of ideological characteristics and development.

From the perspective of language system, natural language is both stable and changeable. On the premise that a language exists, its vocabulary and basic grammar are stable. At the same time, the language is constantly updated, derived and developed due to the changes of the times and environment during its inheritance and use.

Computer language refers to the language that uses numbers and characters to write programs according to the prescribed grammatical rules, so that computers can do all kinds of work. It includes machine language, assembly language, high-level language and so on. In different ways of thinking about programming and programming models, statements composed of characters and grammatical rules perform operations according to instructions. The original intention of computer language design is to enable people to better control and operate computers. At present, every action and step made by all computers are carried out according to the program compiled by computer language. The operation of a computer is a process of accepting input, matching objects and outputting answers. In the execution operation, the calculator must first understand the input commands of people, and translate the natural language. The source code of the application program is translated into the target code machine language by the interpreter of the corresponding language, and then the compilation operation is carried out to translate the program source code into the target code machine language.

It can be said that computer language is the medium of man-machine dialogue. Computer language can recognize and translate natural language, perform operations and output results in its construction, and the translation process is the key to man-machine cooperation and even man-machine dialogue. The machine can only continue to perform operations after understanding the commands input by human beings. Before the emergence of intelligent machines, people’s input instructions to machines were single, but today’s intelligent machines have gradually tried to understand people’s commands through voice and image recognition. At present, this ability mainly depends on corpus analysis, enhanced matching search and deep learning.

If the vocabulary of natural language is regarded as a set of symbols and its grammar is regarded as the rules for the use of symbols, then computer language is also the use of symbols and rules. The encoding and decoding of computer input and output, as well as the operation in human-computer interaction, are also similar to the process of using language to listen, read, write and communicate with people. In this sense, computer language seems to be the natural language of computers. If the computer is truly intelligent, then in its view, human natural language can be regarded as a foreign language. But can computers be intelligent?

To compare natural language with computer language, an important perspective is to distinguish the internal logic of natural language and computer language from their logical systems. Logic is an important connotation of language, and the logical structure and grammatical system of a language are the root causes that distinguish it from other languages and languages.

Logic in Natural Language and Computer Language

In the use of natural language, ambiguity and ambiguity are inevitable, and there are misunderstandings and deviations in translation between languages. Scholars want to solve the ambiguity and ambiguity of words in expression and find the common deep structure in human language, so they invented formal language by using mathematical methods for reference. The original intention of formal language is that people want to make logic have a set of universal symbols like mathematics, so as to try to establish a universal and unambiguous language. Through this language, all thinking and reasoning can be transformed into calculus and become as accurate as mathematics. Logicians try to accurately describe the world described by natural language with formal systems and symbols, so as to make more accurate reasoning, analysis and judgment. Therefore, in the study of logical language, it also includes the study of natural language generative grammar.

Natural language can be regarded as a symbol system, in which words are symbols to express ideas under the cultural background. However, the logic in natural language is not only grammatical structure, but also semantic. The ambiguity and vagueness of some words in our daily expression are difficult to judge in grammar, but they can be simply solved by context and the introduction of context. Wittgenstein thinks that natural language is used to express objects, the meaning of a proposition or sentence comes from its real object, and the process of learning language is to master the relationship between words and objects. We can’t get meaning from a single word, but through association and activity, so natural language has meaning under certain environment and specific rules of the game.

Therefore, the logic of natural language has one more dimension than that of formal language. Natural language is a part of human mind, and the logic contained in words is the unique logical ability of human mind. As Wittgenstein pointed out, a single vocabulary and grammatical structure cannot convey complete meaning. The acquisition of natural language can’t be achieved only by learning the logical structure of language. Therefore, mind is an important concept in the acquisition of natural language.

The computer language used by the machine is also a formal language. It is the language that people first gave to the machine and became the pre-existing language in it. When computers understand and execute human commands, they need to translate natural languages into computer languages that can be understood by machines, and then carry out program operations. Formal description of natural language is very important for mechanical imitation of computer programs, but understanding imitation is different from mechanical imitation. Mechanical imitation involves formal nature, while comprehension imitation involves quasi-semantic nature. At present, computers are mainly based on mechanical imitation and talk to people’s natural language through logical language. Therefore, although the processing of natural language by computer can be regarded as a kind of translation, at present, this kind of translation is different from the mutual translation between two languages in natural language.

In the process of disambiguation, computers need a lot of knowledge, including linguistic knowledge (morphology, syntax, semantics, context, etc.) and common sense cognition about the world. This has also caused two main difficulties in natural language processing at present. Measuring computer language from the perspective of natural language is highly formalized, which makes its ability to describe context limited, and it cannot convey multi-layer information like natural language. Therefore, although formal language has advantages in accuracy, its contextual shaping ability and expressive power are inevitably weaker than natural language. In the understanding of natural language, it is difficult for formal language to fully describe how lexical devices are related to syntactic structures, thus forming the meaning of sentences, which is also an important reason for errors in computer recognition of natural language. Of course, with the development of corpus construction and corpus linguistics, the rationalism method based on syntactic-semantic rules, which was mainly used by computers in dealing with natural languages, has taken a back seat. Nowadays, the natural language processing technology has introduced statistical mathematics methods, and gradually reduced errors with the support of matching search and automatic learning methods.

Cognitive science holds that thinking and cognition are logical operations of knowledge, while computerized natural language analysis mainly depends on the expression of logical language. From the perspective of behaviorism, if the machine has a computer language, and it is constantly strengthened and more accurate in the operation execution and use the day after tomorrow, it is a kind of acquisition and consolidation. In this sense, computer language seems to be its natural language for computers. However, although natural language and computer language each contain many kinds, the reasons for their diversity are different. Different from the differences of history, culture and region, computer language is developed for different needs when writing programs. Therefore, the connotation of natural language and computer language is different. Fundamentally speaking, the mind embodied by natural language is different from that expressed by computer language.

Natural language and mind

If natural language is the tool of human expression and the medium of thinking, then the relationship between natural language and mind is inseparable. To a certain extent, people’s ability to use language is one of the manifestations of mental ability. Mind is different from intelligence. Mind is a part of intelligence, which refers to people’s abilities of perception, feeling, memory, learning, understanding and innovation.

Mental ability includes the understanding of natural language. When using natural language in daily life, we can get the pronunciation, image and connotation of the described object at the same time. In our daily life, whenever we hear someone describe something or see someone pointing to an object, we will remember what this thing is called and say the same words when we refer to that thing again in the future. We can also experience all kinds of emotions and feelings in the sentence from other people’s voices, movements, expressions and eyes, as well as body movements, tones and tones. That is to say, in natural language, the meaning of words is not limited to the meaning of a single word, but also includes the appearance of the referent, pronunciation, the intention of the narrator and the context at that time. The meanings of natural language are fully embodied in social communication and dialogue. A comprehensive grasp of these meanings requires mental ability, and vice versa. As Chomsky said: the surface rule of words forming sentences is grammar, but the real meaning of sentences is reflected in the deep structure. The deep structure is related to the surface structure through some mental operations. In other words, the connection between all words, sounds and meanings of natural language is based on the grammatical structure on the basis of mind.

Furthermore, the study of natural language is also a reflection of mental ability. Psychologists represented by Chomsky believe that language and grammatical structure are the essence and characteristics of human mind. No matter how different language users are in individual experience and ability, they will complete the task of constructing language theory system in a very similar way. We are endowed with cognitive structure and language ability in our minds, and gradually strengthen our grasp of grammar rules in the application of acquired knowledge. "On a basic level, we humans are not learning languages. The real situation is that languages grow up in our minds."

Different from Chomsky, Quine’s language theory is based on empiricism and behaviorism. He opposes both the thorough empiricism reductionism and the pure transcendental knowledge. He believes that the reason why language can express meaning depends on the acquisition of behavior, and people’s mental ability embodied in language behavior is gradually acquired. The mental ability to master and use a language is acquired and can be strengthened through training. In Quine’s view, our ability to master language comes from public knowledge, which is a kind of inheritance of human common experience and knowledge background, rather than a priori existence: "Even if we want to talk about a unique quality of sensory awareness, most of us have to turn to public objects, the color of oranges, the taste of rotten eggs, and so on. To continuously access the previous sensory data, it also depends on the reference object. Of course, we should explore the sensory awareness and sensory stimulation behind the daily discourse about objects, but these are the background of concept formation or language, not their underlying structure. "

According to Chomsky’s theory, the initial inner nature that we give to an intelligent computer can be counted as its innate "mind", of course, such a mind is given by people and is incomplete. According to Quine’s theory, under the premise of being constructed, the computer has acquired the knowledge background and can continuously strengthen its language ability in learning, which seems to mean that it is possible to obtain real intelligence in intensive learning, including the same level of language intelligence as people.

Machine language and mind

In the famous Turing test of artificial intelligence, if a person can have a long enough conversation with a machine, if the interlocutor can’t tell whether the answer comes from a machine or a person, then it is judged that the machine is intelligent. It can be seen that the main ability of Turing’s intelligent computer is the ability to understand and use language. The test defines the intelligence of the machine as several aspects: the machine should be able to answer the questions of input text; Be able to explain the meaning of words; Able to understand sentences composed of words; Be able to translate one language into another. Language ability is an important criterion to judge whether a computer has intelligence. It can even be said that from the mechanism of Turing test, language ability can be equated with intelligence.

If intelligence must master language ability, as mentioned above, although the natural language used by human beings has vague and ambiguous contents, its expressive power is indeed stronger than that of formal language. If a computer wants to have real intelligence, it must have the ability to understand natural language in different contexts. However, this ability is almost impossible in the existing technology. Dreyfus mentioned in What Computers Can’t Do that one of the difficult problems for machines to acquire intelligence is to solve the ambiguity in language. Although there is now the support of enhanced matching search and big data, the ambiguity problem of natural language has been partially solved on the surface. However, if we can really understand and use a language by referring to the way we use natural language, we need to master the necessary reasoning rules (including expert knowledge reasoning and common sense reasoning), but also have the ability to understand and comprehend the context. With this ability, you can be considered to have a mind and intelligence.

When discussing machine intelligence and mind, many researchers hope to get inspiration from the generation and structure of human intelligence. From simple development to complex thinking, human intelligence seems to have rules to follow, but if you consider it carefully, even the simplest and most elementary intelligence involves the cooperation of millions of brain cells and muscle cells on a large scale. These simple behaviors are embedded with too much intelligence, which are deep mental abilities that are not realized in daily speech and behavior. Language intelligence, as one of them, if we consider the source of language mechanism and its role in the sudden qualitative change of human intelligence, at least two basic problems will appear: first, the core semantic content of the smallest meaningful element, including the simplest element. Second, the principle of allowing unlimited combinations of symbols. If we want to analyze the physiological structure and logical structure produced by human mind step by step, we will try to endow the machine with mind by imitating this structure. It is bound to face two dilemmas: first, the human brain is a black box that cannot be completely mastered; Second, the mind, as a non-physical but real existence, is an elusive existence for technology.

From the standpoint of mentalism, it is impossible for a computer to have the same mental ability as human beings, although it can acquire more sophisticated and accurate natural language processing technology with the development of technology, and it can understand all instructions of natural language in operation and execution. From the standpoint of behaviorism, if a machine has the same language ability as human beings and can understand and express natural language, it seems that it can be considered as a machine with mind. However, the inevitable problems in the transformation between natural language and formal language also indicate that imitation based on behaviorism cannot be exactly the same as human beings.

conclusion

With the development of technology, the number of natural language texts that can be processed by computers has been increasing. Under the application requirements of text mining, information extraction, cross-language information processing, human-computer interaction and so on, the research on computer natural language processing is also advancing. However, natural language is directional and logical in description and expression, and conveys and carries culture. This means that natural language is not only a combination of some words and symbols, but also different from formal language. Although natural language is also used under certain logical grammar and has the functions of communication, exchange, expression and creation, it also has cultural attributes. The acquisition of a language not only includes the use of words and grammatical rules, but also includes the understanding and recognition of a culture. At this level, no matter how much the existing intelligent machines deal with natural languages, they have not yet possessed real intelligence. Therefore, we can take the normal use of language as extremely clear empirical evidence to prove that other creatures have the same mind as us, but not as discriminatory evidence of the source of mind and human ability.

Descartes said that "language is the core symbol of human thinking", which means that language ability and human thinking ability are inseparable and language ability is the representation of human mind. He also pointed out that two important abilities of human mind, understanding and will, cannot be realized by machines (automata). Because the mind has no substance, it is impossible for automata to create the mind by imitating the surface structure anyway. Descartes’ prediction is still correct today, although it lacks the integrity of argument. The use, expression and creation of language is an important content of human intelligence. If the intelligent machine in the future will have the same or even stronger intelligence as human beings, then it must have the same understanding and application ability as human language ability. This can’t be done at the existing computer language level. As for whether machines can learn "foreign languages" by new breakthrough technologies in the future, that is another question.

References:

Dreyfus. What Computers Can’t Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence [M]. Joint Publishing Company, 1986.

Noam Chomsky. Language and Mind [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2015.

Selected Works of Noam Chomsky Chomsky’s Philosophy of Language [M]. The Commercial Press, 1992.

Noam Chomsky. Some Problems of Syntactic Theory [M]. China Social Sciences Press, 1986.

Quine. Words and Objects [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2012.

Wittgenstein. Philosophical Studies [M]. The Commercial Press, 2000.

Frege. Selected Works of Frege’s Philosophy [M]. The Commercial Press, 2006.

　　CCTV News:Smuggled goods are commonly called parallel imports by consumers. Customs anti-smuggling personnel said that the purchase of smuggled watches has the risk of safeguarding rights, and if the amount involved is large, it will also bear corresponding legal responsibilities.

　　In recent years, with the increase of people leaving the country, some people will also buy watches for their own use or bring them to relatives and friends abroad. If you buy watches abroad, you should declare them to the customs in accordance with state regulations when you enter the country. Watches with a price below 5,000 yuan are not subject to tax, and those with a price between 5,000 yuan and 10,000 yuan should pay 30% postal tax, and the tax rate above 10,000 yuan is 60%.

　　Zhou Peng, Chief of Anti-smuggling Section of Post Office of Nanjing Customs Anti-smuggling Bureau Jinling Branch.: "If you don’t declare, if you bring one or two watches and evade taxes of less than 100,000 yuan, you will be subject to administrative punishment by the customs. Once you bring more watches and evade taxes of more than 100,000 yuan, you will be suspected of smuggling ordinary goods and articles and a fine of 1 to 5 times of tax evasion."

　　Then, if domestic consumers buy watches for the sake of being cheap and knowing that they are smuggled, do they also have to bear corresponding legal responsibilities?

　　Wu Weimin, Director of Investigation Department of Anti-smuggling Bureau of Hangzhou Customs.: "If consumers know that they are smuggling watches, it also constitutes the crime of smuggling. If tax-related individuals buy more than 100,000 and units buy more than 200,000, they must be investigated for criminal responsibility."

　　Si Bo, Chief of Investigation Department of Tianjin Customs Anti-smuggling Bureau: "The purchase of smuggled watches has a great impact on consumers, such as the warranty and later maintenance of watches."

　　Therefore, customs officers suggest that consumers must buy imported high-end watches from regular shops and channels in order to protect their legitimate rights and interests.

　　　 1905 movie network news Emilia Clarke, the "Dragon Mother", is the most popular one among a bunch of British actors, because her new film will be released soon. The actress, who was worried about a monthly rent of 1,000 pounds a few years ago, just celebrated her 28th birthday happily this year. See, even if I hurt my legs, the Luns still smile from ear to ear.

On June 19th, Amelia attended the publicity activity of Terminator: Genesis on crutches.

　　　 In July last year, Xiao Bian was lucky enough to be invited by Paramount Pictures to visit the filming location of Terminator: Genesis in New Orleans, USA. In this new trilogy, Sarah Connor and kyle reese are played by Emilia Clarke and jai courtney respectively. Before Xiaobian takes you into the two interviews, let’s sort out the story and prevent possible time and space confusion and fine points.

From 1984 to 2015, which version of Sarah Connor do you like best?

　　　 In 1984, James Cameron, his father, used linda hamilton, a blonde, to play Sarah Connor, a weak female college student. As we all know, Sarah is the mother of human leader kate connor. In 2029, in order to prevent the villain T-800 from going back to the past and killing his mother, John sent a soldier kyle reese to save Sarah in 1984. As a result, they fell in love and gave birth to John’s sequel "Terminator: Judgment Day" in 1991. Sarah has become a well-trained full-muscle, zero-fat modern female warrior image, and T-800, Recently, Internet language likes to use three words to summarize incisive sentences, so if three words are used to explain the central plot of Terminator series, that is "killing Nima".

Sarah’s lover, kyle reese, has also been updated, and the most robust one is the new version of jai courtney.

　

　　　 In 2011, Paramount Pictures announced that it would restart Terminator, and it would make three films with brand-new cass and visual technology. The storyline would have nothing to do with Cameron’s version, and it would be three independent chapters. The first part will be released in the world on July 1st this year, and the date of China’s introduction has not been fixed. The whole story revolves around Terminator, kate connor, Sarah Connor, kyle reese and T-1000. In 2029, after the "Judgment Day", the decisive battle between human beings and machines began. kyle reese volunteered and was sent back to Sarah Connor, the biological mother who protected herself in 1984, by kate connor, the leader of the human resistance. Back in the past, kyle reese encountered the liquid metal terminator T-1000, and was rescued by heavily armed Sarah Connor driving a truck. Sarah told Kyle that 1984 no longer existed, and the T-800 that tried to kill Sarah that year had been killed by the terminator of the old version. This old version of Terminator is also a T-800 series, or played by Schwarzenegger of the old version of Terminator. It is called "Guardian" in the new film and is a key figure in training Sarah and raising John. Kyle, who fought alongside Sarah, needs to defeat the T-1000, correct the time channel and return to the future world. But,On the way, the three men met a more powerful robot T-3000, and his human face completely imitated kate connor, which made Sarah completely unable to do it. After reading this, I believe that the audience who have been constantly improving the concept of time and space through the drama "Palace" series and "The Vampire Diaries" can easily control this small case plot.

Kyle reese found himself in the wrong era, and the old song "We can’t go back, can we?"

On the day of the interview, Emilia Clarke and jai courtney appeared in front of us in costumes. Amelia wore a ponytail and a suit of black bullet-proof clothing, and she smiled lovely, just like a "neighbor" female soldier.

Amelia is 157 and weighs 114 Jin. Jin Jin is a treasure.

Movie network:Compared with Game of Thrones, what is the action intensity of Terminator?

Amelia: Not the same level. I want to be trained in martial arts, firearms and close combat. In Game of Thrones, all I have to do is talk to the air. Dragons are added later. Here, we are all serious and exciting.

　

Movie network:The first time you played against Schwarzenegger, how did you meet for the first time?

Amelia: He is a legend, so when I first met him, I was very nervous. However, I didn’t expect him to be so approachable and make me laugh from time to time, which immediately made me look forward to working with him.

　　Chongqing Rail Transit (Group) Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Chongqing Rail Group) announced on the evening of January 19 that at noon on January 18, a sling fork ear screw of Egongyan Rail Bridge on the subway ring line was abnormal, and Chongqing Rail Group immediately launched an emergency plan, and the operation of the Olympic Sports Center on the ring line was suspended from Xiejiawan to Strait Road.

　　At the same time, Chongqing Rail Group quickly organized relevant experts and technicians to carry out emergency treatment, and technicians will conduct a comprehensive inspection of the bridge sling system.

　　Zhou Shuixing, director of the Bridge Engineering Department of the School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, told The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) after seeing the multi-angle photos on the spot that the screw fracture should be related to the material and stress, and other screws should be inspected comprehensively after this happens. He said that it may only be necessary to replace the screw, which will have little impact on the whole bridge.

　　Broken sling fork ear screw

　　Chongqing Railway has repeatedly sent messages saying that it has investigated hidden dangers and apologized.

　　On the afternoon of January 19th, the news that there was a problem with the sling of Egongyan Track Bridge spread in many WeChat groups in Chongqing. According to the information released by Chongqing Railway Group, the sling failure occurred at noon on January 18th. The Paper checked the official Weibo and found that at 13: 04 on January 18th, Chongqing Rail Group released the news of the first ring road facility failure.

　　The news said, "Due to the hidden dangers of the subway ring line equipment and facilities, the staff are actively investigating, which has caused the operation of the Olympic Sports Center from Xiejiawan to Haixia Road to be blocked. Please cooperate with the station staff to guide and wait in an orderly manner or transfer to other means of transportation."

　　At 13: 41 on January 18th, Chongqing Rail Group released the second operation emergency message through Guanwei, saying, "The operation of the Olympic Sports Center from Xiejiawan to Strait Road is blocked due to hidden dangers in the facilities of the subway ring line. In order to maintain the operation to the maximum extent, the Olympic Sports Center is now running through Ranjiaba to Strait Road, and the bus connection between the entrance and exit of the Olympic Sports Center Station 5B and the entrance and exit of Strait Road Station 3A is started."

　　Since then, Chongqing Rail Group has released information twice at 23: 04 on January 18th and 10: 22 on January 19th, indicating that hidden dangers of equipment and facilities are still under investigation and rectification.

　　Then, Chongqing Rail Group issued a letter of apology for "the inconvenience of passengers’ travel due to the inability of the loop train to operate normally on time for some reason". In the letter of apology, the group said that it would further improve the maintenance and emergency rescue capabilities of rail transit system equipment, minimize the occurrence of emergencies, and let rail transit give full play to its advantages of "safety, speed, punctuality and comfort".

　　Upper part of broken sling fork ear screw

　　Trial operation of the involved track bridge in 2019

　　The Paper inquired about Chongqing local media reports and found that in 2014, the construction of Egongyan Track Bridge started, which was undertaken by China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau. In October 2019, the bridge began trial operation of the track loop.

　　According to chongqing morning post, Egongyan Rail Bridge is located between Haixia Road Station and Xiejiawan Station of rail transit loop, connecting Nan ‘an District and Jiulongpo District of Chongqing, and it is an important node bridge of rail transit loop across the Yangtze River. The total length of the bridge is 1650.5 meters. It is a self-anchored suspension bridge with five-span continuous steel box girder, twin towers and double cable planes, and the main span reaches 600 meters. Its span ranks among the top suspension bridges for rail transit in the world, and it is also the self-anchored suspension bridge with the largest main span in the world.

　　It is worth mentioning that Egongyan Track Bridge is located about 45 meters upstream of Egongyan Bridge. The height of the two bridges is basically the same, and they are known as twin sister bridges.

　　Official website, China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., said when introducing Egongyan Track Bridge that Egongyan Track Bridge is the key project of Chongqing Rail Transit Loop Phase II. The self-anchored suspension cable of five-span continuous steel box girder with twin towers and double cable planes with a main span of 600 meters is the "most" self-anchored suspension bridge in the world, compared with the self-anchored suspension bridge with the second largest span in the world at that time — — The bridge on Muhu Island in Estonia is 120 meters long. The main tower of the bridge is 153 meters high, which is equivalent to 50 stories high. The main construction difficulties include the excavation of main tower foundation, the construction of main tower, the installation of steel box girder of cable-stayed bridge, the installation of main cable of suspension bridge, system transformation and the construction monitoring of the whole bridge. The construction standard is high, and it is risky and challenging. It is the first case in the world to adopt the method of "cable-stayed first and then suspended cable" in organizational construction.

　　Broken sling fork ear screw

　　Bridge expert: Fracture is related to material and stress.

　　Zhou Shuixing, director of the Department of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, looked at the multi-angle photos at the scene and said that the fracture of the sling fork ear screw was related to its material and stress. It may have little impact on the whole bridge, just change the suspenders.

　　Regarding "will other screws face the same fracture", Zhou Shuixing said that the bridge should be physically examined every year and inspected daily. Generally, after this problem occurs, other screws should be thoroughly inspected.

　　However, Zhou Shuixing also said that the vibration caused by the running of the vehicle is somewhat unfavorable to the sling fork ear screw, and vibration reduction measures can be taken. But we can’t find out why until the test results come out.

　　CCTV News:According to @ Shandong Emergency Management Weibo, according to the official measurement by China Seismological Network (Shandong Seismological Network), an earthquake of magnitude 5.5 occurred in Pingyuan County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province (37.16 degrees north latitude and 116.34 degrees east longitude) at 2: 33: 59 Beijing time on August 6, 2023, with a focal depth of 10 kilometers. The epicenter was located near Wangdagua Village, Wangdagua Town, Pingyuan County, Dezhou City. At present, the earthquake relief work is in full swing.

　　At 3: 40 on August 6, Shandong Earthquake Relief Headquarters launched a three-level emergency response to earthquake relief. The Shandong Earthquake Relief Headquarters sent a steering group led by the responsible comrades of the Provincial Emergency Department and the Provincial Seismological Bureau to the scene. Provincial earthquake disaster rescue teams, medical rescue teams, etc. have assembled for standby, and coordinated local garrison troops, armed police forces and fire rescue teams to participate in earthquake relief nearby. The Seismological Bureau of Shandong Province held a joint video conference with China Seismological Network Center, and analyzed that it is unlikely that a bigger earthquake will occur in the original epicenter after the earthquake.

　　According to the China Seismological Network Express, as of 6: 00 on the 6th, 56 aftershocks were recorded, including 1 aftershock of magnitude 3.0 and above and 55 aftershocks of magnitude 3.0 and below.

　　As of 8: 00 on the 6th, a total of 126 houses were damaged to varying degrees and 21 people were injured (20 in Dezhou and 1 in Liaocheng). At present, the infrastructure such as hydropower and communication in the earthquake zone is normal, and other relevant information is still under investigation.

　　CCTV News:The website of the Supervision Department of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection recently replied on how to identify and handle real names, anonymous reports, and how to deal with false accusations, false accusations and other questions from netizens. The following are the details of consultation messages and replies.

　　Netizen "UFO 123":How do discipline inspection and supervision organs identify and handle real-name reports?

　　Central commission for discipline inspection letters and calls room: Using my real name or the name of my unit to provide effective contact information to report and accuse party member, the party organization and the object of supervision of violating discipline to the discipline inspection and supervision organs is a real-name report. Discipline inspection and supervision organs advocate real-name reporting, give priority to real-name reporting, and protect the rights of real-name informants in accordance with relevant regulations.

　　Netizen "lifting is healthier":How do discipline inspection and supervision organs handle anonymous reports? What should I pay attention to when reporting anonymously?

　　Central commission for discipline inspection letters and calls roomDiscipline inspection and supervision organs advocate real-name reporting, and both real-name reporting and anonymous reporting should be taken seriously and properly handled. If an anonymous report is made, it shall provide the name, work unit, specific circumstances and evidence of the facts of violation of discipline as much as possible, and shall not fabricate facts to falsely accuse or frame up.

　　Netizen "Apple is still sweet":How do discipline inspection and supervision organs deal with false accusations and false accusations?

　　Central commission for discipline inspection letters and calls roomIf the accusation is untrue, it must be strictly distinguished between false accusation and false accusation. Those who deliberately fabricate facts and falsely accuse or frame others shall be dealt with severely in accordance with relevant regulations; Suspected of a crime, transferred to judicial organs for handling according to law. The determination of false accusation must be approved by the party Committee or discipline inspection commission at or above the prefecture level (including prefecture level). If a false accusation occurs due to an incomplete understanding of the facts, it should clarify the right and wrong within a certain range, eliminate the impact on the wrongdoer, and educate the wrongdoer.